XIV. AREA OF OPERATION: APPROACHES AND LANDINGS
NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND LANDING (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a normal and a crosswind approach and landing by describing -
(a) how to determine landing performance and limitations.
(b) configuration, power, and trim.
(c) obstructions and other hazards which should be considered.
(d) a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to the
selected touchdown area.
(e) coordination of flight controls.
(f) a precise ground track.
(g) wind shear and wake turbulence.
(h) most suitable crosswind technique.
(i) timing, judgment, and control technique during roundout and
touchdown.
(j) directional control after touchdown.
(k) use of brakes (landplane).
(l) use of checklist.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a normal and a crosswind approach and landing by describing -
(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.
(b) failure to establish approach and landing configuration at
appropriate time or in proper sequence.
(c) failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.
(d) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
(e) improper technique during roundout and touchdown.
(f) poor directional control after touchdown.
(g) improper use of brakes (landplane).
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a normal or a
crosswind approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
normal or crosswind approach and landing.
B. TASK: FORWARD SLIP TO A LANDING (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a forward slip to a landing by describing -
(a) configuration, power, and trim.
(b) obstructions and other hazards which should be considered.
(c) a stabilized slip at the appropriate airspeed to the selected
touchdown area.
(d) possible airspeed indication errors.
(e) proper application of flight controls.
(f) a precise ground track.
(g) wind shear and wake turbulence.
(h) timing, judgment, and control technique during transition
from slip to touchdown.
(i) directional control after touchdown.
(j) use of brakes (landplane).
(k) use of checklist.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a forward slip to a landing by describing -
(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.
(b) failure to establish approach and landing configuration at
appropriate time or in proper sequence.
(c) failure to maintain a stabilized slip.
(d) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
(e) improper technique during transition from the slip to the
touchdown.
(f) poor directional control after touchdown.
(g) improper use of brakes (landplane).
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a forward slip to
a landing from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
forward slip to a landing.
C. TASK: GO-AROUND (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a go-around by describing -
(a) situations where a go-around is necessary.
(b) importance of making a prompt decision.
(c) importance of applying takeoff power immediately after the
go-around decision is made.
(d) importance of establishing proper pitch attitude.
(e) wing flaps retraction.
(f) use of trim.
(g) landing gear retraction.
(h) proper climb speed.
(i) proper track and obstruction clearance.
(j) use of checklist.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a go-around by describing -
(a) failure to recognize a situation where a go-around is
necessary.
(b) hazards of delaying a decision to go around.
(c) improper power application.
(d) failure to control pitch attitude.
(e) failure to compensate for torque effect.
(f) improper trim technique.
(g) failure to maintain recommended airspeeds.
(h) improper wing flaps or landing gear retraction procedure.
(i) failure to maintain proper track during climb-out.
(j) failure to remain well clear of obstructions and other
traffic.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a go-around from
an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
go-around.
D. TASK: SHORT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING (ASEL) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a short-field approach and landing by describing -
(a) how to determine landing performance and limitations.
(b) configuration and trim.
(c) proper use of pitch and power to maintain desired approach
angle.
(d) barriers and other hazards which should be considered.
(e) effect of wind.
(f) selection of touchdown and go-around points.
(g) a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to the
selected touchdown point.
(h) coordination of flight controls.
(i) a precise ground track.
(j) timing, judgment, and control technique during roundout and
touchdown.
(k) directional control after touchdown.
(l) use of brakes.
(m) use of checklist.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a short-field approach and landing by describing -
(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.
(b) failure to establish approach and landing configuration at
appropriate time or in proper sequence.
(c) failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.
(d) improper technique in use of power, wing flaps, and trim.
(e) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
(f) improper technique during roundout and touchdown.
(g) poor directional control after touchdown.
(h) improper use of brakes.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a short-field
approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
short-field approach and landing.
E. TASK: SOFT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING (ASEL) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a soft-field approach and landing by describing -
(a) how to determine landing performance and limitations.
(b) configuration and trim.
(c) obstructions and other hazards which should be considered.
(d) effect of wind and landing surface.
(e) selection of a touchdown area.
(f) a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to the
selected touchdown area.
(g) coordination of flight controls.
(h) a precise ground track.
(i) timing, judgment, and control technique during roundout and
touchdown.
(j) touchdown in a nose-high pitch attitude at minimum safe
airspeed.
(k) proper use of power.
(l) directional control after touchdown.
(m) use of checklist.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a soft-field approach and landing by describing -
(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.
(b) failure to establish approach and landing configuration at
proper time or in proper sequence.
(c) failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.
(d) failure to consider the effect of wind and landing surface.
(e) improper technique in use of power, wing flaps, or trim.
(f) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
(g) improper technique during roundout and touchdown.
(h) failure to hold back elevator pressure after touchdown.
(i) closing the throttle too soon after touchdown.
(j) poor directional control after touchdown.
(k) improper use of brakes.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a soft-field
approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
soft-field approach and landing.
F. TASK: GLASSY-WATER APPROACH AND LANDING (ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a glassy-water approach and landing by describing -
(a) how to determine landing performance and limitations.
(b) configuration and trim.
(c) deceptive characteristics of glassy water.
(d) selection of a suitable landing area and go-around point.
(e) terrain and obstructions which should be considered.
(f) detection of hazards in the landing area such as shallow
water, obstructions, or floating debris.
(g) coordination of flight controls.
(h) a precise ground track.
(i) a power setting and pitch attitude that will result in the
recommended airspeed and rate of descent throughout the final
approach to touchdown.
(j) how to maintain positive after-landing control.
(k) use of checklist.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a glassy-water approach and landing by describing -
(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.
(b) failure to establish approach and landing configuration at
appropriate time and in proper sequence.
(c) failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach at
the recommended airspeed and rate of descent.
(d) improper technique in use of power, wing flaps, or trim.
(e) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
(f) failure to touch down with power in the proper stabilized
attitude.
(g) failure to maintain positive after-landing control.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a glassy-water
approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
glassy-water approach and landing.
G. TASK: ROUGH-WATER APPROACH AND LANDING (ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a rough-water approach and landing by describing -
(a) determination of landing performance and limitations.
(b) review of wind conditions.
(c) how landing area characteristics can be evaluated.
(d) selection of a suitable landing area and go-around point.
(e) terrain and obstructions which should be considered.
(f) detection of hazards in the landing area such as shallow
water, obstructions, or floating debris.
(g) configuration and trim.
(h) coordination of flight controls.
(i) a precise ground track.
(j) a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to the
selected touchdown area.
(k) timing, judgment, and control technique during roundout and
touchdown.
(l) maintenance of positive after-landing control.
(m) use of checklist.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a rough-water approach and landing by describing -
(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.
(b) failure to establish approach and landing configuration at
appropriate time or in proper sequence.
(c) failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.
(d) improper technique in use of power, wing flaps, or trim.
(e) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
(f) improper technique during roundout and touchdown.
(g) failure to maintain positive after-landing control.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a rough-water
approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related a
rough-water approach and landing.
H. TASK: CONFINED-AREA APPROACH AND LANDING (ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a confined-area approach and landing by describing -
(a) how to determine landing performance and limitations.
(b) approaches and landings on various types of water areas.
(c) effect of wind and water condition.
(d) selection of a suitable landing area and go-around point.
(e) terrain and obstructions which should be considered.
(f) detection of hazards in the landing area such as shallow
water, obstructions, or floating debris.
(g) configuration and trim.
(h) a stabilized approach at the recommended airspeed to the
selected touchdown area.
(i) coordination of flight controls.
(j) a precise ground track.
(k) timing, judgment, and control technique during roundout and
touchdown.
(l) touchdown in the proper pitch attitude at the minimum safe
airspeed.
(m) how to maintain positive after-landing control.
(n) use of checklist.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a confined-area approach and landing by describing -
(a) improper use of landing performance data and limitations.
(b) failure to establish approach and landing configuration at
appropriate time and in proper sequence.
(c) failure to establish and maintain a stabilized approach.
(d) improper technique in the use of power, wing flaps, and trim.
(e) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
(f) improper technique during roundout and touchdown.
(g) failure to maintain positive after-landing control.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a confined-area
approach and landing from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
confined-area approach and landing.
XV. AREA OF OPERATION: AFTER-LANDING PROCEDURES Index
NOTE: The examiner will select at least TASK E.
A. TASK: ANCHORING (ASES)
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Seaplane Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of anchoring by describing -
(a) how to select a suitable area for anchoring.
(b) recommended procedure for anchoring in a lake, river, or
tidal area.
(c) number of anchors and lines to be used to ensure seaplane
security in various conditions.
(d) hazards to be avoided.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to anchoring by describing -
(a) hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended
procedures.
(b) consequences of poor planning, improper technique, or poor
judgment when anchoring.
(c) consequences of failure to use anchor lines of adequate
length and strength to ensure seaplane security.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains anchoring from an
instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
anchoring.
B. TASK: DOCKING AND MOORING (ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Seaplane Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of docking and mooring by describing -
(a) recommended procedures for docking.
(b) recommended procedures for mooring.
(c) hazards to be considered when docking and mooring.
(d) procedures to be followed to ensure seaplane security.
(e) requirement for mooring lights.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to docking and mooring by describing -
(a) hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended
procedures.
(b) consequences of poor planning, improper technique, or poor
judgment when docking and mooring.
(c) consequences of failure to take appropriate precautions to
avoid hazards or to ensure that seaplane is secure.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains docking and
mooring from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
docking and mooring.
C. TASK: BEACHING (ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Seaplane Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of beaching by describing -
(a) recommended procedures for beaching.
(b) factors to be considered such as beach selection, water
depth, current, tide, and wind.
(c) procedures to be followed to ensure seaplane security.
(d) hazards to be avoided.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to beaching by describing -
(a) hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended
procedures.
(b) consequences of poor beach selection, poor planning, improper
technique, or faulty judgment when beaching.
(c) consequences of failure to take appropriate precautions to
avoid hazards or to ensure that seaplane is secure.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains beaching from an
instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
beaching.
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Seaplane Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of ramping by describing -
(a) factors such as type of ramp surface, wind, current, and
direction and control of approach speed.
(b) recommended procedures for ramping.
(c) hazards to be avoided.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to ramping by describing -
(a) hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended
procedures.
(b) consequences of poor planning, improper technique, or faulty
judgment when ramping.
(c) consequences of failure to take appropriate precautions to
avoid hazards or to ensure that the seaplane is secure.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains ramping from an
instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
ramping.
E. TASK: POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, Seaplane Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of postflight procedures by describing -
(a) parking technique and procedure (landplane).
(b) engine shutdown and securing cockpit.
(c) deplaning passengers.
(d) securing airplane.
(e) postflight inspection.
(f) refueling.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to postflight procedures by describing -
(a) hazards resulting from failure to follow recommended
procedures.
(b) poor planning, improper technique, or faulty judgment in
performance of postflight procedures.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains postflight
procedures from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
postflight procedures.