14CFR 61 Subpart A--General (61.29 - 61.60) (61.1 - 61.27)

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Sec. 61.29 Replacement of a lost or destroyed airman or medical certificate or knowledge test report.

(a) A request for the replacement of a lost or destroyed airman certificate

issued under this part shall be made by letter to the Department of

Transportation, FAA, Airman Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma

City, OK 73125, and shall be accompanied by a check or money order for the

appropriate fee payable to the FAA.

(b) A request for the replacement of a lost or destroyed medical

certificate shall be made by letter to the Department of Transportation, FAA,

Aeromedical Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125,

and shall be accompanied by a check or money order for the appropriate fee

payable to the FAA.

(c) A request for the replacement of a lost or destroyed knowledge test

report shall be made by letter to the Department of Transportation, FAA,

Airman Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and

shall be accompanied by a check or money order for the appropriate fee

payable to the FAA.

(d) The letter requesting replacement of a lost or destroyed airman

certificate, medical certificate, or knowledge test report must state:

(1) The name of the person;

(2) The permanent mailing address (including ZIP code), or if the permanent

mailing address includes a post office box number, then the person's current

residential address;

(3) The social security number;

(4) The date and place of birth of the certificate holder; and

(5) Any available information regarding the--

(i) Grade, number, and date of issuance of the certificate, and the

ratings, if applicable;

(ii) Date of the medical examination, if applicable; and

(iii) Date the knowledge test was taken, if applicable.

(e) A person who has lost an airman certificate, medical certificate, or

knowledge test report may obtain a facsimile from the FAA confirming that it

was issued and the:

(1) Facsimile may be carried as an airman certificate, medical certificate,

or knowledge test report, as appropriate, for up to 60 days pending the

person's receipt of a duplicate under paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this

section, unless the person has been notified that the certificate has been

suspended or revoked.

(2) Request for such a facsimile must include the date on which a duplicate

certificate or knowledge test report was previously requested.

 

Sec. 61.31 Type rating requirements, additional training, and authorization requirements.

(a) Type ratings required. A person who acts as a pilot in command of any

of the following aircraft must hold a type rating for that aircraft:

(1) Large aircraft (except lighter-than-air).

(2) Turbojet-powered airplanes.

(3) Other aircraft specified by the Administrator through aircraft type

certificate procedures.

(b) Authorization in lieu of a type rating. A person may be authorized to

operate an aircraft requiring a type rating without a type rating for up to

60 days, provided:

(1) The Administrator has authorized the flight or series of flights;

(2) The Administrator has determined that an equivalent level of safety can

be achieved through the operating limitations on the authorization;

(3) The person shows that compliance with paragraph (a) of this section is

impracticable for the flight or series of flights; and

(4) The flight--

(i) Involves only a ferry flight, training flight, test flight, or

practical test for a pilot certificate or rating;

(ii) Is within the United States;

(iii) Does not involve operations for compensation or hire unless the

compensation or hire involves payment for the use of the aircraft for

training or taking a practical test; and

(iv) Involves only the carriage of flight crewmembers considered essential

for the flight.

(5) If the flight or series of flights cannot be accomplished within the

time limit of the authorization, the Administrator may authorize an

additional period of up to 60 days to accomplish the flight or series of

flights.

(c) Aircraft category, class, and type ratings: Limitations on the carriage

of persons, or operating for compensation or hire. Unless a person holds a

category, class, and type rating (if a class and type rating is required)

that applies to the aircraft, that person may not act as pilot in command of

an aircraft that is carrying another person, or is operated for compensation

or hire. That person also may not act as pilot in command of that aircraft

for compensation or hire.

(d) Aircraft category, class, and type ratings: Limitations on operating an

aircraft as the pilot in command. To serve as the pilot in command of an

aircraft, a person must:

(1) Hold the appropriate category, class, and type rating (if a class

rating and type rating is required) for the aircraft to be flown;

(2) Be receiving training for the purpose of obtaining an additional pilot

certificate and rating that are appropriate to that aircraft, and be under

the supervision of an authorized instructor; or

(3) Have received training required by this part that is appropriate to the

aircraft category, class, and type rating (if a class or type rating is

required) for the aircraft to be flown, and have received the required

endorsements from an instructor who is authorized to provide the required

endorsements for solo flight in that aircraft.

(e) Exceptions. (1) This section does not require a category and class

rating for aircraft not type certificated as airplanes, rotorcraft, gliders,

powered-lift, or lighter-than-air aircraft.

(2) The rating limitations of this section do not apply to:

(i) An applicant when taking a practical test given by an examiner;

(ii) The holder of a student pilot certificate;

(iii) The holder of a pilot certificate when operating an aircraft under

the authority of an experimental or provisional aircraft type certificate;

and

(iv) The holder of a pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category

rating when operating a balloon.

(f) Additional training required for operating complex airplanes. (1)

Except as provided in paragraph (f)(2) of this section, no person may act as

pilot in command of a complex airplane (an airplane that has a retractable

landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller; or, in the case of a

seaplane, flaps and a controllable pitch propeller), unless the person has--

(i) Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized

instructor in a complex airplane, or in an approved flight simulator or

approved flight training device that is representative of a complex airplane,

and has been found proficient in the operation and systems of the airplane;

and

(ii) Received a one-time endorsement in the pilot's logbook from an

authorized instructor who certifies the person is proficient to operate a

complex airplane.

(2) The training and endorsement required by paragraph (f)(1) of this

section is not required if the person has logged flight time as pilot in

command of a complex airplane, or in an approved flight simulator or approved

flight training device that is representative of a complex airplane prior to

August 4, 1997.

(g) Additional training required for operating high-performance airplanes.

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (g)(2) of this section, no person may act

as pilot in command of a high-performance airplane (an airplane with an

engine of more than 200 horsepower), unless the person has--

(i) Received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized

instructor in a high-performance airplane, or in an approved flight simulator

or approved flight training device that is representative of a high-

performance airplane, and has been found proficient in the operation and

systems of the airplane; and

(ii) Received a one-time endorsement in the pilot's logbook from an

authorized instructor who certifies the person is proficient to operate a

high-performance airplane.

(2) The training and endorsement required by paragraph (g)(1) of this

section is not required if the person has logged flight time as pilot in

command of a high-performance airplane, or in an approved flight simulator or

approved flight training device that is representative of a high-performance

airplane prior to August 4, 1997.

(h) Additional training required for operating pressurized aircraft capable

of operating at high altitudes. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (h)(3) of

this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a pressurized aircraft

(an aircraft that has a service ceiling or maximum operating altitude,

whichever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL), unless that person has received

and logged ground training from an authorized instructor. The ground training

must include at least the following subjects--

(i) High-altitude aerodynamics and meteorology;

(ii) Respiration;

(iii) Effects, symptoms, and causes of hypoxia and any other high-altitude

sickness;

(iv) Duration of consciousness without supplemental oxygen;

(v) Effects of prolonged usage of supplemental oxygen;

(vi) Causes and effects of gas expansion and gas bubble formation;

(vii) Preventive measures for eliminating gas expansion, gas bubble

formation, and high-altitude sickness;

(viii) Physical phenomena and incidents of decompression; and

(ix) Any other physiological aspects of high-altitude flight.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph (h)(3) of this section, no person may

act as pilot in command of a pressurized aircraft unless that person has--

(i) Received and logged training from an authorized instructor in a

pressurized aircraft, or in an approved flight simulator or approved flight

training device that is representative of a pressurized aircraft, which

includes normal cruise flight operations while operating above 25,000 feet

MSL, proper emergency procedures for simulated rapid decompression without

actually depressurizing the aircraft, and emergency descent procedures; and

(ii) An endorsement in the person's logbook or training record from an

authorized instructor who found the person proficient in the operation of a

pressurized aircraft.

(3) The training and endorsement required by paragraphs (h)(1) and (h)(2)

of this section is not required if that person can document satisfactory

accomplishment of any of the following in a pressurized aircraft, or in an

approved flight simulator or approved flight training device that is

representative of a pressurized aircraft--

(i) Serving as pilot in command before April 15, 1991;

(ii) Completing a practical test for a pilot certificate or rating before

April 15, 1991;

(iii) Completing an official pilot in command check conducted by the

military services of the United States; or

(iv) Completing a pilot in command proficiency check under part 121, 125,

or 135 of this chapter conducted by the Administrator or by an approved check

airman.

(i) Additional training required by the aircraft's type certificate. No

person may serve as pilot in command of an aircraft that the Administrator

has determined requires aircraft type-specific training unless that person

has:

(1) Received and logged type-specific training in the aircraft, or in an

approved flight simulator or an approved flight training device that is

representative of that type of aircraft; and

(2) Received a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who has

found the person proficient in the operation of the aircraft and its systems.

(j) Additional training required for operating tailwheel airplanes. Except

as provided in paragraph (j)(3) of this section, no person may act as pilot

in command of a tailwheel airplane unless that person has:

(1) Received and logged flight training from an authorized instructor in a

tailwheel airplane on the maneuvers and procedures listed in paragraph (j)(2)

of this section.

(2) Received an endorsement in the person's logbook from an authorized

instructor who found the person proficient in the operation of a tailwheel

airplane, to include at least normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings,

wheel landings (unless the manufacturer has recommended against such

landings), and go-around procedures.

(3) The training and endorsement required by this paragraph is not required

if the person logged pilot-in-command time in a tailwheel airplane before

April 15, 1991.

(k) Additional training required for operating a glider. (1) No person may

act as pilot in command of a glider:

(i) Using ground-tow procedures, unless that person has satisfactorily

accomplished ground and flight training on ground-tow procedures and

operations, and has received an endorsement from an authorized instructor who

certifies in that pilot's logbook that the pilot has been found proficient in

ground-tow procedures and operations;

(ii) Using aerotow procedures, unless that person has satisfactorily

accomplished ground and flight training on aerotow procedures and operations,

and has received an endorsement from an authorized instructor who certifies

in that pilot's logbook that the pilot has been found proficient in aerotow

procedures and operations; and

(iii) Using self-launch procedures, unless that person has satisfactorily

accomplished ground and flight training on self-launch procedures and

operations, and has received an endorsement from an authorized instructor who

certifies in that pilot's logbook that the pilot has been found proficient in

self-launch procedures and operations.

(2) The holder of a glider rating issued prior to August 4, 1997 is

considered to be in compliance with the training and logbook endorsement

requirements of this paragraph for the specific operating privilege for which

the holder is already qualified.

 

 

Sec. 61.33 Tests: General procedure.

Tests prescribed by or under this part are given at times and places, and

by persons designated by the Administrator.

 

 

Sec. 61.35 Knowledge test: Prerequisites and passing grades.

(a) An applicant for a knowledge test must have:

(1) Received an endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that

the applicant accomplished a ground-training or a home-study course required

by this part for the certificate or rating sought and is prepared for the

knowledge test; and

(2) Proper identification at the time of application that contains the

applicant's--

(i) Photograph;

(ii) Signature;

(iii) Date of birth, which shows the applicant meets or will meet the age

requirements of this part for the certificate sought before the expiration

date of the airman knowledge test report; and

(iv) Actual residential address, if different from the applicant's mailing

address.

(b) The Administrator shall specify the minimum passing grade for the

knowledge test.

 

Sec. 61.37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.

(a) An applicant for a knowledge test may not:

(1) Copy or intentionally remove any knowledge test;

(2) Give to another applicant or receive from another applicant any part or

copy of a knowledge test;

(3) Give assistance on, or receive assistance on, a knowledge test during

the period that test is being given;

(4) Take any part of a knowledge test on behalf of another person;

(5) Be represented by, or represent, another person for a knowledge test;

(6) Use any material or aid during the period that the test is being given,

unless specifically authorized to do so by the Administrator; and

(7) Intentionally cause, assist, or participate in any act prohibited by

this paragraph.

(b) An applicant who the Administrator finds has committed an act

prohibited by paragraph (a) of this section is prohibited, for 1 year after

the date of committing that act, from:

(1) Applying for any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under

this chapter; and

(2) Applying for and taking any test under this chapter.

(c) Any certificate or rating held by an applicant may be suspended or

revoked if the Administrator finds that person has committed an act

prohibited by paragraph (a) of this section.

 

Sec. 61.39 Prerequisites for practical tests.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, to be

eligible for a practical test for a certificate or rating issued under this

part, an applicant must:

(1) Pass the required knowledge test within the 24-calendar-month period

preceding the month the applicant completes the practical test, if a

knowledge test is required;

(2) Present the knowledge test report at the time of application for the

practical test, if a knowledge test is required;

(3) Have satisfactorily accomplished the required training and obtained the

aeronautical experience prescribed by this part for the certificate or rating

sought;

(4) Hold at least a current third-class medical certificate, if a medical

certificate is required;

(5) Meet the prescribed age requirement of this part for the issuance of

the certificate or rating sought;

(6) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, have an

endorsement in the applicant's logbook or training record that has been

signed by an authorized instructor who certifies that the applicant--

(i) Has received and logged training time within 60 days preceding the date

of application in preparation for the practical test;

(ii) Is prepared for the required practical test; and

(iii) Has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject areas in which

the applicant was deficient on the airman knowledge test; and

(7) Have a completed and signed application form.

(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this

section, an applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate or an

additional rating to an airline transport certificate may take the practical

test for that certificate or rating with an expired knowledge test report,

provided that the applicant:

(1) Is employed as a flight crewmember by a certificate holder under part

121, 125, or 135 of this chapter at the time of the practical test and has

satisfactorily accomplished that operator's approved--

(i) Pilot in command aircraft qualification training program that is

appropriate to the certificate and rating sought; and

(ii) Qualification training requirements appropriate to the certificate and

rating sought; or

(2) Is employed as a flight crewmember in scheduled U.S. military air

transport operations at the time of the practical test, and has accomplished

the pilot in command aircraft qualification training program that is

appropriate to the certificate and rating sought.

(c) A person is not required to comply with the provisions of paragraph

(a)(6) of this section if that person:

(1) Holds a foreign-pilot license issued by a contracting State to the

Convention on International Civil Aviation that authorizes at least the pilot

privileges of the airman certificate sought;

(2) Is applying for a type rating only, or a class rating with an

associated type rating; or

(3) Is applying for an airline transport pilot certificate or an additional

rating to an airline transport pilot certificate in an aircraft that does not

require an aircraft type rating practical test.

(d) If all increments of the practical test for a certificate or rating are

not completed on one date, all remaining increments of the test must be

satisfactorily completed not more than 60 calendar days after the date on

which the applicant began the test.

(e) If all increments of the practical test for a certificate or a rating

are not satisfactorily completed within 60 calendar days after the date on

which the applicant began the test, the applicant must retake the entire

practical test, including those increments satisfactorily completed.

 

Sec. 61.41 Flight training received from flight instructors not

certificated by the FAA.

(a) A person may credit flight training toward the requirements of a pilot

certificate or rating issued under this part, if that person received the

training from:

(1) A flight instructor of an Armed Force in a program for training

military pilots of either--

(i) The United States; or

(ii) A foreign contracting State to the Convention on International Civil

Aviation.

(2) A flight instructor who is authorized to give such training by the

licensing authority of a foreign contracting State to the Convention on

International Civil Aviation, and the flight training is given outside the

United States.

(b) A flight instructor described in paragraph (a) of this section is only

authorized to give endorsements to show training given.

 

Sec. 61.43 Practical tests: General procedures.

(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, the ability of an

applicant for a certificate or rating issued under this part to perform the

required tasks on the practical test is based on that applicant's ability to

safely:

(1) Perform the tasks specified in the areas of operation for the

certificate or rating sought within the approved standards;

(2) Demonstrate mastery of the aircraft with the successful outcome of each

task performed never seriously in doubt;

(3) Demonstrate satisfactory proficiency and competency within the approved

standards;

(4) Demonstrate sound judgment; and

(5) Demonstrate single-pilot competence if the aircraft is type

certificated for single-pilot operations.

(b) If an applicant does not demonstrate single pilot proficiency, as

required in paragraph (a)(5) of this section, a limitation of "Second in

Command Required" will be placed on the applicant's airman certificate. The

limitation may be removed if the applicant passes the appropriate practical

test by demonstrating single-pilot competency in the aircraft in which

single-pilot privileges are sought.

(c) If an applicant fails any area of operation, that applicant fails the

practical test.

(d) An applicant is not eligible for a certificate or rating sought until

all the areas of operation are passed.

(e) The examiner or the applicant may discontinue a practical test at any

time:

(1) When the applicant fails one or more of the areas of operation; or

(2) Due to inclement weather conditions, aircraft airworthiness, or any

other safety-of-flight concern.

(f) If a practical test is discontinued, the applicant is entitled credit

for those areas of operation that were passed, but only if the applicant:

(1) Passes the remainder of the practical test within the 60-day period

after the date the practical test was discontinued;

(2) Presents to the examiner for the retest the original notice of

disapproval form or the letter of discontinuance form, as appropriate;

(3) Satisfactorily accomplishes any additional training needed and obtains

the appropriate instructor endorsements, if additional training is required;

and

(4) Presents to the examiner for the retest a properly completed and signed

application.

 

Sec. 61.45 Practical tests: Required aircraft and equipment.

(a) General. Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section or when

permitted to accomplish the entire flight increment of the practical test in

an approved flight simulator or an approved flight training device, an

applicant for a certificate or rating issued under this part must furnish:

(1) An aircraft of U.S. registry for each required test that--

(i) Is of the category, class, and type, if applicable, for which the

applicant is applying for a certificate or rating; and

(ii) Has a current standard, limited, or primary airworthiness certificate.

(2) At the discretion of the examiner who administers the practical test,

the applicant may furnish--

(i) An aircraft that has a current airworthiness certificate other than

standard, limited, or primary, but that otherwise meets the requirement of

paragraph (a)(1) of this section;

(ii) An aircraft of the same category, class, and type, if applicable, of

foreign registry that is properly certificated by the country of registry; or

(iii) A military aircraft of the same category, class, and type, if

applicable, for which the applicant is applying for a certificate or rating.

(b) Required equipment (other than controls). An aircraft used for a

practical test must have:

(1) The equipment for each area of operation required for the practical

test;

(2) No prescribed operating limitations that prohibit its use in any of the

areas of operation required for the practical test;

(3) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, at least two pilot

stations with adequate visibility for each person to operate the aircraft

safely; and

(4) Cockpit and outside visibility adequate to evaluate the performance of

the applicant when an additional jump seat is provided for the examiner.

(c) Required controls. An aircraft (other than a lighter-than-air aircraft)

used for a practical test must have engine power controls and flight controls

that are easily reached and operable in a conventional manner by both pilots,

unless the examiner determines that the practical test can be conducted

safely in the aircraft without the controls being easily reached.

(d) Simulated instrument flight equipment. An applicant for a practical

test that involves maneuvering an aircraft solely by reference to instruments

must furnish:

(1) Equipment on board the aircraft that permits the applicant to pass the

areas of operation that apply to the rating sought; and

(2) A device that prevents the applicant from having visual reference

outside the aircraft, but does not prevent the examiner from having visual

reference outside the aircraft, and is otherwise acceptable to the

Administrator.

(e) Aircraft with single controls. A practical test may be conducted in an

aircraft having a single set of controls, provided the:

(1) Examiner agrees to conduct the test;

(2) Test does not involve a demonstration of instrument skills; and

(3) Proficiency of the applicant can be observed by an examiner who is in a

position to observe the applicant.

 

 

Sec. 61.47 Status of an examiner who is authorized by the Administrator to

conduct practical tests.

(a) An examiner represents the Administrator for the purpose of conducting

practical tests for certificates and ratings issued under this part and to

observe an applicant's ability to perform the areas of operation on the

practical test.

(b) The examiner is not the pilot in command of the aircraft during the

practical test unless the examiner agrees to act in that capacity for the

flight or for a portion of the flight by prior arrangement with:

(1) The applicant; or

(2) A person who would otherwise act as pilot in command of the flight or

for a portion of the flight.

(c) Notwithstanding the type of aircraft used during the practical test,

the applicant and the examiner (and any other occupants authorized to be on

board by the examiner) are not subject to the requirements or limitations on

the carriage of passengers that are specified in this chapter.

 

 

Sec. 61.49 Retesting after failure.

(a) An applicant for a knowledge or practical test who fails that test may

reapply for the test only after the applicant has received:

(1) The necessary training from an authorized instructor who has determined

that the applicant is proficient to pass the test; and

(2) An endorsement from an authorized instructor who gave the applicant the

additional training.

(b) An applicant for a flight instructor certificate with an airplane

category rating or, for a flight instructor certificate with a glider

category rating, who has failed the practical test due to deficiencies in

instructional proficiency on stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin

recovery must:

(1) Comply with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section before

being retested;

(2) Bring an aircraft to the retest that is of the appropriate aircraft

category for the rating sought and is certificated for spins; and

(3) Demonstrate satisfactory instructional proficiency on stall awareness,

spin entry, spins, and spin recovery to an examiner during the retest.

 

Sec. 61.51 Pilot logbooks.

(a) Training time and aeronautical experience. Each person must document

and record the following time in a manner acceptable to the Administrator:

(1) Training and aeronautical experience used to meet the requirements for

a certificate, rating, or flight review of this part.

(2) The aeronautical experience required for meeting the recent flight

experience requirements of this part.

(b) Logbook entries. For the purposes of meeting the requirements of

paragraph (a) of this section, each person must enter the following

information for each flight or lesson logged:

(1) General--

(i) Date.

(ii) Total flight time.

(iii) Location where the aircraft departed and arrived, or for lessons in

an approved flight simulator or an approved flight training device, the

location where the lesson occurred.

(iv) Type and identification of aircraft, approved flight simulator, or

approved flight training device, as appropriate.

(v) The name of a safety pilot, if required by Sec. 91.109(b) of this

chapter.

(2) Type of pilot experience or training--

(i) Solo.

(ii) Pilot in command.

(iii) Second in command.

(iv) Flight and ground training received from an authorized instructor.

(v) Training received in an approved flight simulator or approved flight

training device from an authorized instructor.

(3) Conditions of flight--

(i) Day or night.

(ii) Actual instrument.

(iii) Simulated instrument conditions in flight, an approved flight

simulator, or an approved flight training device.

(c) Logging of pilot time. The pilot time described in this section may be

used to:

(1) Apply for a certificate or rating issued under this part; or

(2) Satisfy the recent flight experience requirements of this part.

(d) Logging of solo flight time. Except for a student pilot acting as pilot

in command of an airship requiring more than one flight crewmember, a pilot

may log as solo flight time only that flight time when the pilot is the sole

occupant of the aircraft.

(e) Logging pilot-in-command flight time. (1) A recreational, private, or

commercial pilot may log pilot-in-command time only for that flight time

during which that person is--

(i) The sole manipulator of the controls of an aircraft for which the pilot

is rated; or

(ii) Except for a recreational pilot, when acting as pilot in command of an

aircraft on which more than one pilot is required under the type

certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is

conducted.

(2) An airline transport pilot may log as pilot-in-command time all of the

flight time while acting as pilot-in-command of an operation requiring an

airline transport pilot certificate.

(3) An authorized instructor may log as pilot-in-command time all flight

time while acting as an authorized instructor.

(4) A student pilot may log pilot-in-command time when the student pilot--

(i) Is the sole occupant of the aircraft;

(ii) Has a current solo flight endorsement as required under Sec. 61.87 of

this part; and

(iii) Is undergoing training for a pilot certificate or rating, is acting

as pilot in command of an airship requiring more than one flight crewmember,

or is logging pilot-in-command flight time to obtain the pilot-in-command

flight experience requirements for a pilot certificate or aircraft rating.

(f) Logging second-in-command flight time. A person may log second-in-

command flight time only for that flight time during which that person:

(1) Is qualified in accordance with the second-in-command requirements of

Sec. 61.55 of this part, and occupies a crewmember station in an aircraft

that requires more than one pilot by the aircraft's type certificate; or

(2) Holds the appropriate category, class, and instrument rating (if an

instrument rating is required for the flight) for the aircraft being flown,

and more than one pilot is required under the type certification of the

aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is being conducted.

(g) Logging instrument flight time. (1) A person may log instrument flight

time only for that flight time when the person operates the aircraft solely

by reference to instruments under actual or simulated instrument flight

conditions.

(2) An authorized instructor may log instrument flight time when conducting

instrument flight instruction in actual instrument flight conditions.

(3) For the purposes of logging instrument flight time to meet the recent

instrument experience requirements of Sec. 61.57(c) of this part, the

following information must be recorded in the person's logbook--

(i) The location and type of each instrument approach accomplished; and

(ii) The name of the safety pilot, if required.

(4) An approved flight simulator or approved flight training device may be

used by a person to log instrument flight time, provided an authorized

instructor is present during the simulated flight.

(h) Logging training time. (1) A person may log training time when that

person receives training from an authorized instructor in an aircraft,

approved flight simulator, or approved flight training device.

(2) The training time must be logged in a logbook and must:

(i) Be endorsed in a legible manner by the authorized instructor; and

(ii) Include a description of the training given, the length of the

training lesson, and the instructor's signature, certificate number, and

certificate expiration date.

(i) Presentation of required documents. (1) Persons must present their

pilot certificate, medical certificate, logbook, or any other record required

by this part for inspection upon a reasonable request by--

(i) The Administrator;

(ii) An authorized representative from the National Transportation Safety

Board; or

(iii) Any Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer.

(2) A student pilot must carry the following items in the aircraft on all

solo cross-country flights as evidence of the required instructor clearances

and endorsements--

(i) Pilot logbook;

(ii) Student pilot certificate; and

(iii) Any other record required by this section.

(3) A recreational pilot must carry his or her logbook with the required

instructor endorsements on all flights when serving as pilot in command or as

a required flight crewmember for flights of more than 50 nautical miles from

an airport where training was received.

 

Sec. 61.53 Prohibition on operations during medical deficiency.

(a) Operations that require a medical certificate. Except as provided for

in paragraph (b) of this section, a person who holds a current medical

certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter shall not act as pilot in

command, or in any other capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember,

while that person:

(1) Knows or has reason to know of any medical condition that would make

the person unable to meet the requirements for the medical certificate

necessary for the pilot operation; or

(2) Is taking medication or receiving other treatment for a medical

condition that results in the person being unable to meet the requirements

for the medical certificate necessary for the pilot operation.

(b) Operations that do not require a medical certificate. For operations

provided for in Sec. 61.23(b) of this part, a person shall not act as pilot

in command, or in any other capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember,

while that person knows or has reason to know of any medical condition that

would make the person unable to operate the aircraft in a safe manner.

 

Sec. 61.55 Second-in-command qualifications.

(a) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, no person may

serve as a second in command of an aircraft type certificated for more than

one required pilot flight crewmember or in operations requiring a second in

command unless that person holds:

(1) At least a current private pilot certificate with the appropriate

category and class rating; and

(2) An instrument rating that applies to the aircraft being flown if the

flight is under IFR.

(b) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, no person may

serve as a second in command of an aircraft type certificated for more than

one required pilot flight crewmember or in operations requiring a second in

command unless that person has within the previous 12 calendar months:

(1) Become familiar with the following information for the specific type

aircraft for which second-in-command privileges are requested--

(i) Operational procedures applicable to the powerplant, equipment, and

systems.

(ii) Performance specifications and limitations.

(iii) Normal, abnormal, and emergency operating procedures.

(iv) Flight manual.

(v) Placards and markings.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, performed and

logged pilot time in the type of aircraft or in an approved flight simulator

or approved flight training device that represents the type of aircraft for

which second-in-command privileges are requested, which includes--

(i) Three takeoffs and three landings as the sole manipulator of the flight

controls;

(ii) Engine-out procedures and maneuvering with an engine out while

executing the duties of pilot in command; and

(iii) Crew resource management training.

(c) If a person complies with the requirements in paragraph (b) of this

section in the calendar month before or the calendar month after the month in

which compliance with this section is required, then that person is

considered to have accomplished the training and practice in the month it is

due.

(d) This section does not apply to a person who is:

(1) Designated and qualified as a pilot in command under part 121, 125, or

135 of this chapter in that specific type of aircraft;

(2) Designated as the second in command under part 121, 125, or 135 of this

chapter, in that specific type of aircraft;

(3) Designated as the second in command in that specific type of aircraft

for the purpose of receiving flight training required by this section, and no

passengers or cargo are carried on the aircraft; or

(4) Designated as a safety pilot for purposes required by Sec. 91.109(b) of

this chapter.

(e) The holder of a commercial or airline transport pilot certificate with

the appropriate category and class rating is not required to meet the

requirements of paragraph (b)(2) of this section, provided the pilot:

(1) Is conducting a ferry flight, aircraft flight test, or evaluation

flight of an aircraft's equipment; and

(2) Is not carrying any person or property on board the aircraft, other

than necessary for conduct of the flight.

(f) For the purpose of meeting the requirements of paragraph (b) of this

section, a person may serve as second in command in that specific type

aircraft, provided:

(1) The flight is conducted under day VFR or day IFR; and

(2) No person or property is carried on board the aircraft, other than

necessary for conduct of the flight.

(g) Except as provided in paragraph (h) of this section, the requirements

of paragraph (b) of this section may be accomplished in an approved flight

simulator that is--

(1) Qualified and approved by the Administrator for such purposes; and

(2) Used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a training

center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(h) An applicant for an initial second-in-command qualification for a

particular type of aircraft who is qualifying under the terms of paragraph

(g) of this section must satisfactorily complete a minimum of one takeoff and

one landing in an aircraft of the same type for which the qualification is

sought.

 

Sec. 61.56 Flight review. Biennial

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (f) of this section, a flight

review consists of a minimum of 1 hour of flight training and 1 hour of

ground training. The review must include:

(1) A review of the current general operating and flight rules of part 91

of this chapter; and

(2) A review of those maneuvers and procedures that, at the discretion of

the person giving the review, are necessary for the pilot to demonstrate the

safe exercise of the privileges of the pilot certificate.

(b) Glider pilots may substitute a minimum of three instructional flights

in a glider, each of which includes a flight to traffic pattern altitude, in

lieu of the 1 hour of flight training required in paragraph (a) of this

section.

(c) Except as provided in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section, no person

may act as pilot in command of an aircraft unless, since the beginning of the

24th calendar month before the month in which that pilot acts as pilot in

command, that person has:

(1) Accomplished a flight review given in an aircraft for which that pilot

is rated by an appropriately rated instructor certificated under this part or

other person designated by the Administrator; and

(2) A logbook endorsed by the person who gave the review certifying that

the person has satisfactorily completed the review.

(d) A person who has, within the period specified in paragraph (c) of this

section, passed a pilot proficiency check conducted by an examiner, an

approved pilot check airman, or a U.S. Armed Force, for a pilot certificate,

rating, or operating privilege need not accomplish the flight review required

by this section.

(e) A person who has, within the period specified in paragraph (c) of this

section, satisfactorily accomplished one or more phases of an FAA-sponsored

pilot proficiency award program need not accomplish the flight review

required by this section.

(f) A person who holds a current flight instructor certificate who has,

within the period specified in paragraph (c) of this section, satisfactorily

completed a renewal of a flight instructor certificate under the provisions

in Sec. 61.197 need not accomplish the 1 hour of ground training specified in

paragraph (a) of this section.

(g) The requirements of this section may be accomplished in combination

with the requirements of Sec. 61.57 and other applicable recent experience

requirements at the discretion of the person conducting the flight review.

(h) A flight simulator or flight training device may be used to meet the

flight review requirements of this section subject to the following

conditions:

(1) The flight simulator or flight training device must be approved by the

Administrator for that purpose.

(2) The approved flight simulator or approved flight training device must

be used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a training center

certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(3) Unless the flight review is undertaken in a flight simulator that is

approved for landings, the applicant must meet the takeoff and landing

requirements of Sec. 61.57(a) or Sec. 61.57(b) of this part.

(4) The approved flight simulator or approved flight training device used

must represent an aircraft, or set of aircraft, for which the pilot is rated.

 

Sec. 61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot in command. Biennial

(a) General experience. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this

section, no person may act as a pilot in command of an aircraft carrying

passengers or as a required pilot on board an aircraft that requires more

than one pilot flight crewmember unless that person has made at least three

takeoffs and three landings within the preceding 90 days, and--

(i) The person acted as the sole manipulator of the flight controls; and

(ii) The required takeoffs and landings were performed in an aircraft of

the same category, class, and type (if a type rating is required), and, if

the aircraft to be flown is an airplane with a tailwheel, the takeoffs and

landings must have been made to a full stop in an airplane with a tailwheel.

(2) For the purpose of meeting the requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this

section, a person may act as a pilot in command of an aircraft under day VFR

or day IFR, provided no persons or property are carried on board the

aircraft, other than those necessary for the conduct of the flight.

(3) The takeoffs and landings required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section

may be accomplished in an approved flight simulator or an approved flight

training device that is--

(i) Approved by the Administrator for landings; and

(ii) Used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a training

center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

 

(b) Night takeoff and landing experience. Misc. Private References

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of an

aircraft carrying passengers during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset

and ending 1 hour before sunrise, unless within the preceding 90 days that

person has made at least three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop

during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before

sunrise.

(2) The takeoffs and landings required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section

may be accomplished in a flight simulator that is--

(i) Approved by the Administrator for takeoffs and landings, if the visual

system is adjusted to represent the period described in paragraph (b)(1) of

this section; and

(ii) Used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a training

center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

 

(c) Recent instrument experience. Instrument Proficiency Check

Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command

under IFR or in weather conditions less than the minimums prescribed for VFR, unless within the

preceding 6 calendar months, that person has:

(1) For the purpose of obtaining instrument experience in an aircraft

(other than a glider), performed and logged under actual or simulated

instrument conditions, either in flight appropriate to the appropriate

category of aircraft for the instrument privileges sought or in an approved

flight simulator or approved flight training device that is representative of

the aircraft category for the instrument privileges sought--

(i) At least six instrument approaches;

(ii) Holding procedures; and

(iii) Intercepting and tracking courses through the use of navigation

systems.

 

(2) For the purpose of obtaining instrument experience in a glider,

performed and logged under actual or simulated instrument conditions--

(i) At least 3 hours of instrument time in flight, of which 1 « hours

may be acquired in an airplane or a glider if no passengers are to be

carried; or

(ii) 3 hours of instrument time in flight in a glider if a passenger is to

be carried.

 

(d) Instrument proficiency check. Except as provided in paragraph (e) of

this section, a person who does not meet the recent instrument experience

requirements of paragraph (c) of this section within the prescribed time or

within 6 calendar months after the prescribed time may not serve as pilot in

command under IFR or in weather conditions less than the minimums prescribed

for VFR until that person passes an instrument proficiency check consisting

of a representative number of tasks required by the instrument rating

practical test.

(1) The instrument proficiency check must be--

(i) In an aircraft that is appropriate to the aircraft category;

(ii) In an approved flight simulator or approved flight training device

that is representative of the aircraft category (other than a glider); or

(iii) For a glider, in a single-engine airplane or a glider.

(2) The instrument proficiency check must be given by--

(i) An examiner;

(ii) A person authorized by the U.S. Armed Forces to conduct instrument

flight tests, provided the person being tested is a member of the U.S. Armed

Forces;

(iii) A company check pilot who is authorized to conduct instrument flight

tests under part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter, and provided that both the

check pilot and the pilot being tested are employees of that operator;

(iv) An instrument flight instructor who holds the appropriate instrument

instructor rating; or

(v) A person approved by the Administrator to conduct instrument practical

tests.

(e) Exceptions. (1) Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section do not apply to

a pilot in command who is employed by a certificate holder under part 125 and

engaged in a flight operation for that certificate holder if the pilot is in

compliance with Secs. 125.281 and 125.285 of this chapter.

(2) This section does not apply to a pilot in command who is employed by an

air carrier certificated under part 121 or 135 and is engaged in a flight

operation under part 91, 121, or 135 for that air carrier if the pilot is in

compliance with Secs. 121.437 and 121.439, or Secs. 135.243 and 135.247 of

this chapter, as appropriate.

 

Sec. 61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency check: Operation of aircraft

requiring more than one pilot.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, to serve as pilot in

command of an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one required

pilot crewmember, a person must:

(1) Within the preceding 12 calendar months, complete a pilot in command

check in an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one required

pilot crewmember; and

(2) Within the preceding 24 calendar months, complete a pilot in command

check in the particular type of aircraft in which that person will serve as

pilot in command.

(b) This section does not apply to persons conducting operations under part

121, 125, 133, 135, or 137 of this chapter.

(c) The pilot in command check given in accordance with the provisions of

part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter may be used to satisfy the requirements

of this section.

(d) The pilot in command check required by paragraph (a) of this section

may be accomplished by satisfactory completion of one of the following:

(1) A pilot in command proficiency check conducted by a person authorized

by the Administrator, consisting of the maneuvers and procedures required for

a type rating;

(2) The practical test required for a type rating;

(3) The initial or periodic practical test required for the issuance of a

pilot examiner or check airman designation; or

(4) A military flight check required for a pilot in command with instrument

privileges, in an aircraft that the military requires to be operated by more

than one pilot.

(e) A check or test described in paragraphs (d)(1) through (d)(4) of this

section may be accomplished in a flight simulator approved under this

chapter.

(f) For the purpose of meeting the check requirements of paragraph (a) of

this section, a person may act as pilot in command of a flight under day VFR

conditions or day IFR conditions if no person or property is carried, other

than as necessary to demonstrate compliance with this part.

(g) If a pilot takes the check required by this section in the calendar

month before or the calendar month after the month in which it is due, the

pilot is considered to have taken it in the month in which it was due for the

purpose of computing when the next check is due.

 

Sec. 61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or alteration of applications,

certificates, logbooks, reports, or records.

(a) No person may make or cause to be made:

(1) Any fraudulent or intentionally false statement on any application for

a certificate, rating, authorization, or duplicate thereof, issued under this

part;

(2) Any fraudulent or intentionally false entry in any logbook, record, or

report that is required to be kept, made, or used to show compliance with any

requirement for the issuance or exercise of the privileges of any

certificate, rating, or authorization under this part;

(3) Any reproduction for fraudulent purpose of any certificate, rating, or

authorization, under this part; or

(4) Any alteration of any certificate, rating, or authorization under this

part.

(b) The commission of an act prohibited under paragraph (a) of this section

is a basis for suspending or revoking any airman certificate, rating, or

authorization held by that person.

 

Sec. 61.60 Change of address.

The holder of a pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor certificate

who has made a change in permanent mailing address may not, after 30 days

from that date, exercise the privileges of the certificate unless the holder

has notified in writing the FAA, Airman Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082,

Oklahoma City, OK 73125, of the new permanent mailing address, or if the

permanent mailing address includes a post office box number, then the

holder's current residential address.

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