I. AREA OF OPERATION:
 
PREFLIGHT PREPARATION Index
 
A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS
REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 43, 61, 91; AC 61-21, AC 61-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents by explaining—
a. commercial pilot certificate privileges and limitations.
b. medical certificates, class and duration as related to commercial pilot privileges.
c. pilot logbook or flight records.
2. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and documents by locating and explaining—
a. airworthiness and registration certificates.
b. operating limitations, placards, instrument markings, Pilot’s Operating Handbook and Airplane Flight Manual.
c. weight and balance data, and equipment list.
d. airworthiness directives, compliance records, maintenance/inspection requirements, tests, and other appropriate records.
3. Exhibits knowledge of the elements and procedures related to inoperative instruments and equipment by explaining—
a. limitations imposed on airplane operations with inoperative instruments or equipment.
b. when a special flight permit is required.
c. procedures for obtaining a special flight permit.
 
 
B. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION
REFERENCES: AC 00-6, AC 00-45, AC 61-23, AC 61-84; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to weather information by analyzing weather reports, charts, and forecasts from various sources with emphasis on—
a. convective SIGMET’s.
b. SIGMET’s.
c. AIRMET’s.
d. wind shear reports.
e. PIREP’s.
2. Makes a competent "go/no-go" decision based on available weather information.
C. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84; Navigation Charts; Airport/Facility Directory, AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cross-country flight planning by presenting and explaining a pre-planned VFR cross-country flight, as previously assigned by the examiner. On the day of the test, the final flight plan shall include real-time weather to the first fuel stop. Computations shall be based on maximum allowable passenger, baggage and/or cargo loads.
2. Uses appropriate, current aeronautical charts.
3. Properly identifies airspace, obstructions, and terrain features.
4. Selects easily identifiable en route checkpoints.
5. Selects most favorable altitudes or flight levels, considering weather conditions and equipment capabilities.
6. Computes headings, flight time, and fuel requirements.
7. Selects appropriate navigation system/facilities and communication frequencies.
8. Extracts and records pertinent information from NOTAM's, Airport/Facility Directory, and other flight publications.
9. Completes a navigation log and simulates filing a VFR flight plan.
 
 
D. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the National Airspace System by explaining:
1. VFR Weather Minimums— for all classes of airspace.
2. Airspace classes— their boundaries, pilot certification and airplane equipment requirements for the following—
a. Class A,
b. Class B,
c. Class C,
d. Class D,
e. Class E, and,
f. Class G.
3. Special use airspace and other airspace areas.
E. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84, AC 91-23;
Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and appropriate data to determine performance, including takeoff, climb, cruise, endurance, landing distance, and the adverse effects of exceeding limitations.
2. Describes the effects of various atmospheric conditions on the airplane's performance, to include—
a. calibrated airspeed.
b. true airspeed.
c. pressure altitude.
d. density altitude.
3. Computes weight and balance, including adding, removing, and shifting weight. Determines if the weight and center of gravity will remain within limits during all phases of flight.
Determines whether the computed performance is within the airplane's capabilities and operating limitations.
 
F. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the operation of systems on the airplane provided for the practical test by explaining at least five (5) of the following:
1. Primary flight controls and trim.
2. Flaps, leading edge devices, and spoilers.
3. Powerplant and propeller.
4 Landing gear system.
5. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic systems.
6. Electrical system.
7. Avionics systems.
8. Pitot-static system, vacuum/pressure system and associated flight instruments.
9. Environmental system.
10. Deicing and anti-icing systems.
 
G. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 67-2; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to aeromedical factors by explaining:
1. The symptoms, causes, effects, and corrective actions of at least four (4) of the following—
a. hypoxia.
b. hyperventilation.
c. middle ear and sinus problems.
d. spatial disorientation.
e. motion sickness.
f. carbon monoxide poisoning.
g. stress and fatigue.
2. The effects of alcohol and drugs, including over-the-counter drugs.
3. The effects of nitrogen excesses during scuba dives upon a pilot and/or passenger in flight.
 
H. TASK: PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NIGHT FLYING
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 67-2; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the physiological aspects of night flying by explaining:
1. The function of various parts of the eye essential for night vision.
2. Adaptation of the eye to changing light.
3. Coping with illusions created by various light conditions.
4. Effects of the pilot's physical condition on visual acuity.
5. Methods for increasing vision effectiveness.
 
I. TASK: LIGHTING AND EQUIPMENT FOR NIGHT FLYING
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lighting and equipment for night flying by explaining:
1. Types and uses of various personal lighting devices.
2. Required equipment, additional equipment recommended, and location of external navigation lighting of the airplane.
3. Meaning of various airport and navigation lights, the method of determining their status, and the procedure for airborne activation of runway lights.
 
 
II. AREA OF OPERATION:
PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES Index
 
A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
.
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a preflight inspection including which items must be inspected, the reasons for checking each item, and how to detect possible defects.
2. Inspects the airplane with reference to an appropriate checklist.
3. Verifies that the airplane is in condition for safe flight, notes any discrepancy, and determines whether the airplane requires maintenance.
4. Locates and identifies switches, circuit breakers/fuses, and spare fuses, pertinent to day and night operations.
 
B. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to efficient cockpit management procedures and related safety factors.
2. Organizes and arranges material and equipment in a manner that makes the items readily available.
3. Briefs or causes the briefing of occupants on the use of safety belts and emergency procedures.
4. Uses all appropriate checklists.
 
C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 91-13, AC 91-55;
Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to recommended engine starting procedures, including the use of an external power source, starting under various atmospheric conditions, awareness of other persons and property during start, and the effects of using incorrect starting procedures.
2. Accomplishes recommended starting procedures.
3. Completes appropriate checklists.
D. TASK: TAXIING
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to recommended taxi procedures, including the effect of wind on the airplane during taxiing and the appropriate control position for such conditions.
2. Performs a brake check immediately after the airplane begins moving.
3. Positions flight controls properly, considering the wind.
4. Controls direction and speed without excessive use of brakes.
5. Complies with airport markings, signals, and ATC clearances.
6. Avoids other aircraft and hazards.
7. Completes the appropriate checklist.
 
E. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the before takeoff check, including the reasons for checking each item and how to detect malfunctions.
2. Positions the airplane properly considering other aircraft, wind and surface conditions.
3. Divides attention inside and outside the cockpit.
4. Ensures the engine temperatures and pressures are suitable for run-up and takeoff.
5. Accomplishes the before takeoff checks and ensures the airplane is in safe operating condition.
6. Reviews takeoff performance airspeeds, takeoff distances, departure and emergency procedures.
7. Ensures no conflict with traffic prior to taxiing into takeoff position.
8. Completes appropriate checklist.
 
III. AREA OF OPERATION:
 
AIRPORT OPERATIONS Index
A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications, radio failure, and ATC light signals.
2. Demonstrates use of radio communications by—
a. selecting appropriate frequencies for facilities to be used.
b. transmitting using recommended phraseology.
c. acknowledging and complying with radio communications and ATC instructions.
3. Uses appropriate procedures for simulated radio communications failure.
4. Complies with ATC light signals.
B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to traffic pattern. This shall include procedures at controlled and uncontrolled airports, runway incursion and collision avoidance, wake turbulence avoidance, and approach procedure when wind shear is reported.
2. Complies with established traffic pattern procedures.
3. Maintains proper spacing from other traffic.
4. Establishes an appropriate distance from the runway/landing area.
5. Corrects for wind-drift to maintain proper ground track.
6. Remains oriented with runway and landing area in use.
7. Maintains and holds traffic pattern altitude ± 100 feet (30 meters), and appropriate airspeed ± 10 knots.
8. Completes appropriate checklists.
C. TASK: AIRPORT, TAXIWAY, AND RUNWAY SIGNS, MARKINGS, AND LIGHTING
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airport, taxiway, and runway signs, markings, and lighting.
2. Identifies and interprets airport, taxiway, and runway signs, markings, and lighting.
 
IV. AREA OF OPERATION:
 
TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS Index
A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of the crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to normal and crosswind takeoff and climb.
2. Positions the flight controls for the existing conditions.
3. Clears the area, taxies into the takeoff position, and aligns the airplane on the runway center.
4. Advances the throttle to takeoff power.
5. Rotates at recommended airspeed, and accelerates to VY, ± 5 knots.
6. Retracts the landing gear after a positive rate of climb is established.
7. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude, then sets climb power.
8. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.
9. Complies with noise abatement procedures.
10. Completes appropriate checklists.
B. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND LANDING
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant's knowledge of the crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to normal and crosswind approach and landing.
2. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
3. Selects a suitable touchdown point.
4. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration and adjusts power and attitude as required.
5. Maintains a stabilized approach and recommended airspeed with gust factor applied, ± 5 knots.
6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the roundout and touchdown.
7. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake turbulence.
8. Touches down smoothly at approximate stalling speed, at a specified point at or within 200 feet (60 meters) beyond a specified point with no drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline.
9. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.
10. Completes appropriate checklists.
C. TASK: SOFT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook; FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a soft-field takeoff and climb.
2. Positions the flight controls and flaps for existing conditions to maximize lift as quickly as possible.
3. Clears the area, taxies onto the takeoff surface at a speed consistent with safety and aligns the airplane without stopping while advancing the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.
4. Establishes and maintains a pitch attitude that will transfer the weight of the airplane from the wheels to the wings.
5. Remains in ground effect after takeoff while accelerating to VX or VY, as required.
6. Maintains VY, ± 5 knots.
7. Retracts the landing gear and flaps after a positive rate of climb is established, or as specified by the manufacturer.
8. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude, then sets climb power.
9. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.
10. Completes appropriate checklists.
D. TASK: SOFT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a soft-field approach and landing.
2. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
3. Selects the most suitable touchdown point.
4. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration and adjusts power and pitch attitude as required.
5. Maintains a stabilized approach and recommended airspeed, or in its absence, not more than 1.3 VSO, with gust factor applied, ± 5 knots.
6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the roundout and touchdown.
7. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.
8. Touches down softly, with no drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with the landing surface.
9. Maintains proper position of the flight controls and sufficient speed to taxi on the soft surface.
10. Completes appropriate checklists.
E. TASK: SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a short-field takeoff and climb.
2. Positions the flight controls and flaps for the existing conditions.
3. Clears the area, taxies into position for maximum utilization of available takeoff area.
4. Advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff power while holding brakes, or as specified by the manufacturer.
5. Rotates at the recommended airspeed.
6. Climbs at manufacturer’s recommended airspeed and configuration, or in their absence at VX, +5/-0 knots until the obstacle is cleared, or until the airplane is at least 50 feet (20 meters) above the surface.
7. After clearing the obstacle, accelerates to and maintains VY, ± 5 knots.
8. Retracts the landing gear and flaps after a positive rate of climb is established, or as specified by the manufacturer.
9. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude, then sets climb power.
10. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb.
11. Completes appropriate checklists.
 
F. TASK: SHORT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a short-field approach and landing.
2. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions.
3. Selects the most suitable touchdown point.
4. Establishes the recommended approach and landing configuration and adjusts power and pitch attitude as required.
5. Maintains a stabilized approach and recommended airspeed, or in its absence, not more than 1.3 VSO, with gust factor applied, ± 5 knots.
6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the roundout and touchdown.
7. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake turbulence.
8. Touches down at a specified point at or within 100 feet (30 meters) beyond the specified point, with little or no float, with no drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the center of the landing surface.
9. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.
10. Applies brakes, as necessary, to stop in the shortest distance consistent with safety.
11. Completes appropriate checklists.
 
G. TASK: GO-AROUND
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a go-around.
2. Makes a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.
3. Applies maximum allowable power immediately and establishes the pitch attitude that will stop the descent.
4. Retracts flaps to approach setting.
5. Retracts the landing gear after a positive rate of climb is established, or as specified by the manufacturer.
6. Trims the airplane to accelerate to VY before the final flap retraction then climbs at VY, ± 5 knots.
7. Maneuvers to the side of runway/landing area to clear and avoid (simulated) conflicting traffic.
8. Maintains maximum allowable power to a safe maneuvering altitude, then sets climb power.
9. Maintains proper wind-drift correction and obstruction clearance throughout the transition to climb.
10. Completes appropriate checklists.
 
 
V. AREA OF OPERATION: Change 1
PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS 4/28/97 Index
A. TASK: STEEP TURNS
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to steep turns.
2. Selects an altitude that allows the task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet AGL (460 meters) or the manufacturer's recommended altitude, whichever is higher.
3. Establishes the manufacturer's recommended airspeed or if one is not stated, the examiner may designate a safe airspeed not to exceed VA.
4. Enters a smooth, coordinated 360° steep turn with a 50° bank, ± 5°, immediately followed by a 360° steep turn in the opposite direction.
5. Divides attention between airplane control and orientation.
6. Rolls out on the entry heading ± 10°.
7. Maintains the entry altitude throughout the maneuver, ± 100 feet (30 meters), and airspeed ± 10 knots.
 
B. TASK: CHANDELLES
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance factors associated with chandelles.
2. Selects an altitude that will allow the maneuver to be performed no lower than 1,500 feet AGL (460 meters) or the manufacturer's recommended altitude, whichever is higher.
3. Establishes the entry configuration at an airspeed no greater than the maximum entry speed recommended by the manufacturer (not to exceed VA).
4. Establishes approximately, but does not exceed, 30° of bank.
5. Simultaneously applies specified power and pitch to maintain a smooth, coordinated climbing turn with constant bank to the 90° point.
 
6. Begins a coordinated constant rate of rollout from the 90° point to the 180° point maintaining specified power and a constant pitch attitude that will result in a rollout within ± 10° of desired heading and airspeed within + 5 knots of power-on stall speed.
7. Reduces pitch attitude to resume straight-and-level flight at the final altitude attained, ± 50 feet (20 meters).
 
C. TASK: LAZY EIGHTS
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance factors associated with lazy eights.
2. Selects an altitude that will allow the task to be performed no lower than 1,500 feet AGL (460 meters) or the manufacturer's recommended altitude, whichever is higher.
3. Selects a prominent 90° reference point in the distance.
4. Establishes the recommended entry power and airspeed.
5. Plans and remains oriented while maneuvering the airplane with positive, accurate control, and demonstrates mastery of the airplane.
6. Achieves the following throughout the task—
a. constant change of pitch, bank, and turn rate.
b. altitude and airspeed consistent at the 90° points, ± 100 feet (30 meters) and ± 10 knots respectively.
c. through proper power setting, attains the starting altitude and airspeed at the completion of the maneuver, ± 100 feet (30 meters) and ± 10 knots respectively.
d. heading tolerance ± 10° at each 180° point.
7. Continues the task through at least two 180° circuits and resumes straight-and-level flight.
 
 
VI. AREA OF OPERATION:
 
GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVER Index
TASK: EIGHTS ON PYLONS
REFERENCE: AC 61-21.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to eights on pylons including the relationship of groundspeed change to the performance of the maneuver.
2. Determines the approximate pivotal altitude.
3. Selects suitable pylons, considering emergency landing areas, that will permit approximately 3 to 5 seconds of straight-and-level flight between them.
4. Attains proper configuration and airspeed prior to entry.
5. Applies the necessary corrections so that the line-of-sight reference line remains on the pylon with minimum longitudinal movement.
6. Exhibits proper orientation, division of attention, and planning.
7. Applies the necessary wind-effect correction to track properly between pylons.
8. Holds pylon using appropriate pivotal altitude avoiding slips and skids.
 
VII. AREA OF OPERATION:
 
NAVIGATION Index
A. TASK: PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to pilotage and dead reckoning.
2. Correctly flies to at least the first planned checkpoint to demonstrate accuracy in computations, considers available alternates, and suitable action for various situations including possible route alteration by the examiner.
3. Follows the preplanned course by reference to landmarks.
4. Identifies landmarks by relating the surface features to chart symbols.
5. Navigates by means of precomputed headings, groundspeed, and elapsed time.
6. Verifies the airplane's position within 1 nautical mile (1.85 km) of flight planned route at all times.
7. Arrives at the en route checkpoints or destination within 3 minutes of the ETA.
8. Corrects for, and records, the differences between preflight fuel, groundspeed, and heading calculations and those determined en route.
9. Maintains appropriate altitude, ± 100 feet (30 meters), and headings, ± 10°.
10. Completes appropriate checklists.
 
B. TASK: NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND ATC RADAR SERVICES
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to navigation systems and ATC radar services.
2. Selects and identifies the appropriate navigation system/facility.
3. Locates the airplane's position using radials, bearings, or coordinates, as appropriate.
4. Intercepts and tracks a given radial or bearing, if appropriate.
5. Recognizes and describes the indication of station passage.
6. Recognizes signal loss and takes appropriate action.
7. Utilizes proper communication procedures when utilizing ATC radar services.
8. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ± 100 feet (30 meters), heading, ± 10° .
 
C. TASK: DIVERSION
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to procedures for diversion.
2. Selects an appropriate alternate airport and route.
3. Diverts toward the alternate airport promptly.
4. Makes an accurate estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time, and fuel consumption to the alternate airport.
5. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ± 100 feet (30 meters), and heading, ± 10°.
 
D. TASK: LOST PROCEDURE
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lost procedures.
2. Selects the best course of action, including best power and altitude.
3. Maintains the original or appropriate heading, and if necessary, climbs.
4. Attempts to identify nearest prominent landmark(s).
5. Uses available navigation aids or contacts an appropriate facility for assistance.
6. Plans a precautionary landing if deteriorating visibility and/or fuel exhaustion is imminent.
 
 
VIII. AREA OF OPERATION:
 
SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS Index
A. TASK: MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to flight characteristics and controllability associated with maneuvering during slow flight.
2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet (460 meters) AGL or the manufacturer's recommended altitude, whichever is higher.
3. Stabilizes and maintains the airspeed at 1.2 VS1, ± 5 knots.
4. Establishes straight-and-level flight and level turns, with gear and flaps selected as specified by the examiner.
5. Maintains the specified altitude, ± 50 feet (20 meters).
6. Maintains the specified heading during straight flight ± 10°.
7. Maintains specified bank angle, ± 10°, during turning flight.
8. Rolls out on specified headings, ± 10°.
9. Divides attention between airplane control and orientation.
 
B. TASK: POWER-OFF STALLS
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-67; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to aerodynamic factors associated with power-off stalls and how this relates to actual approach and landing situations.
2. Selects an entry altitude that allows the task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet (460 meters) AGL or the manufacturer's recommended altitude, whichever is higher.
3. Establishes a stabilized descent, in the approach or landing configuration, as specified by the examiner.
4. Transitions smoothly from the approach or landing attitude to a pitch attitude that will induce a stall.
5. Maintains the specified heading ± 10°, in straight flight; maintains a specified angle of bank, not to exceed 30° ,
+0/-10°, in turning flight, while inducing a stall.
6. Recognizes and announces the onset of the stall by identifying the first aerodynamic buffeting or decay of control effectiveness.
7. Recovers promptly as the stall occurs by simultaneously decreasing the pitch attitude, increasing power and leveling the wings, with a minimum loss of altitude.
8. Retracts flaps to the recommended setting, and retracts landing gear after a positive rate of climb is established.
9. Accelerates to VX or VY speed before final flap retraction, or as recommended by the manufacturer.
10. Returns to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the examiner.
 
C. TASK: POWER-ON STALLS
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-67; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
NOTE: In some high performance airplanes, the power setting may have to be reduced below the practical test standards guideline power setting to prevent excessively high pitch attitudes (greater than 30° nose up).
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to aerodynamic factors associated with power-on stalls and how this relates to actual takeoff and departure situations.
2. Selects an entry altitude that allows the task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet (460 meters) AGL or the manufacturer's recommended altitude, whichever is higher.
3. Establishes the takeoff configuration and slows the airplane to normal lift-off speed.
4. Sets power to manufacturer's recommended power-on stall power setting while establishing the climb attitude (in the absence of a manufacturer recommended power setting, use no less than approximately 55-60 percent of full power as a guideline).
5. Maintains the specified heading ± 10°, in straight flight; maintains a specified angle of bank, not to exceed a 20° angle of bank, ± 10°, in turning flight.
6. Recognizes and announces the onset of the stall by identifying the first aerodynamic buffeting or decay of control effectiveness.
Recovers promptly as the stall occurs, by simultaneously decreasing the pitch attitude, increasing power and leveling the wings, with a minimum loss of altitude.
8. Retracts flaps (if applicable) and landing gear after a positive rate of climb is established.
9. Returns to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the examiner.
 
D. TASK: SPIN AWARENESS
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-67; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to spin awareness by explaining:
1. Aerodynamic conditions required for a spin.
2. Flight situations and conditions where unintentional spins may occur.
3. Instrument indications during a spin and/or spiral.
4. Techniques and procedures used to recognize and recover from unintentional spins.
 
IX. AREA OF OPERATION:
 
EMERGENCY OPERATIONS Index
A. TASK: EMERGENCY DESCENT
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to an emergency descent.
2. Recognizes situations, such as decompression, cockpit smoke and/or fire, that require an emergency descent.
3. Establishes the emergency descent configuration and airspeed, and maintains that airspeed, ± 5 knots.
4. Uses proper engine control settings.
5. Exhibits orientation, division of attention, and proper planning.
6. Maintains positive load factors during the descent.
7. Completes appropriate checklists.
 
B. TASK: EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
NOTE: Emergency landings shall be evaluated over favorable terrain in the event an actual emergency landing becomes necessary.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency approach procedures.
2. Establishes recommended best-glide airspeed, ± 10 knots, and configuration during simulated emergencies.
3. Selects a suitable landing area, considering the possibility of an actual emergency landing.
4. Attempts to determine the reason for the simulated malfunction.
5. Varies airspeed, descent, and flight pattern as necessary, so as to arrive at selected landing area, considering altitude, wind, terrain, obstructions, and other factors.
6. Prepares for low approach, landing, or go-around, as specified by the examiner
7. Completes appropriate checklists
.
C. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
NOTE: Examiners shall relate the required applicant’s knowledge in this TASK to the most complex airplane (as defined in the Introduction) used for the practical test.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to causes, indications, and pilot actions for various systems and equipment malfunctions.
2. Analyzes the situation and takes appropriate action for at least five (5) of the following simulated emergencies—
a. partial power loss.
b. engine failure during various phases of flight.
c. engine roughness or overheat.
d. loss of oil pressure.
e. fuel starvation.
f. smoke and fire.
g. icing.
h. pitot static/vacuum system and associated flight instruments.
i. electrical.
j. landing gear.
k. flaps (asymmetrical position).
l. inadvertent door opening.
m. emergency exits open.
n. any other emergency unique to the airplane flown.
3. Follows the appropriate emergency checklists or procedures.
 
D. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment appropriate to the airplane used for the practical test by describing—
 
a. location in the airplane.
b. method of operation.
c. servicing requirements.
d. method of safe storage.
2. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to survival gear by describing—
a. survival gear appropriate for operation in various climatological and topographical environments.
b. location in the airplane.
c. method of operation.
d. servicing requirements.
e. method of safe storage.
 
X. AREA OF OPERATION:
 
HIGH ALTITUDE OPERATIONS Index
A. TASK: SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; AC 61-107; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to supplemental oxygen by explaining:
1. Supplemental oxygen requirements for flight crew and passengers when operating non-pressurized airplanes.
2. Distinctions between "aviators' breathing oxygen" and other types.
3. Method of determining oxygen service availability.
4. Operational characteristics of continuous flow, demand, and pressure-demand oxygen systems.
5. Care and storage of high-pressure oxygen bottles.
 
B. TASK: PRESSURIZATION
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; AC 61-21, AC 61-107;
Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual, AIM.
NOTE: This TASK applies only if the flight test airplane is equipped for pressurized flight operations.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to pressurization by explaining—
a. fundamental concept of cabin pressurization.
b. supplemental oxygen requirements when operating airplanes with pressurized cabins.
c. physiological hazards associated with high altitude flight and decompression.
d. operational and physiological reasons for completing emergency descents.
e. need for wearing safety belts and for rapid access to supplemental oxygen.
 
2. Operates the pressurization system properly, and reacts promptly and properly to simulated pressurization malfunctions.
 
XI. AREA OF OPERATION
 
POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES Index
A. TASK: AFTER LANDING
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to after-landing procedures, including local and ATC procedures.
2. Clears runway/landing area, taxies to suitable parking/refueling area using proper wind correction and obstacle clearance procedures.
3. Completes appropriate checklists.
 
B. TASK: PARKING AND SECURING
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to ramp safety, parking hand signals, shutdown, securing, and postflight inspection.
2. Parks the airplane properly, considering the safety of nearby persons and property.
3. Follows the recommended procedure for engine shutdown, securing the cockpit, and deplaning passengers.
4. Secures the airplane properly.
5. Performs a satisfactory postflight inspection.
6. Completes appropriate checklists.

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