XI. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS Index
NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: STEEP TURNS (ASEL and ASES)
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of steep turns by describing -
(a) relationship of bank angle, load factor, and stalling
speed.
(b) overbanking tendency.
(c) torque effect in right and left turns.
(d) selection of a suitable altitude.
(e) orientation, division of attention, and planning.
(f) appropriate power setting and airspeed prior to entry.
(g) entry and rollout technique.
(h) coordination of flight controls.
(i) differential wing drag.
(j) altitude, bank, and power control during the turn.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to steep turns by describing -
(a) improper pitch, bank, and power coordination during entry
and rollout.
(b) uncoordinated use of flight controls.
(c) inappropriate control applications.
(d) improper technique in correcting altitude deviations.
(e) loss of orientation.
(f) excessive deviation from desired heading during rollout.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains steep turns from
an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to steep
turns.
B. TASK: CHANDELLES (ASEL) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-2.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of chandelles by describing -
(a) selection of a suitable entry altitude.
(b) entry airspeed and power setting.
(c) entry technique, including power application.
(d) division of attention and planning.
(e) coordination of flight controls.
(f) pitch and bank attitudes at various points during the
maneuver.
(g) proper correction for torque effect in right and left turns.
(h) achievement of maximum performance.
(i) completion technique.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to chandelles by describing -
(a) improper pitch, bank, and power coordination during entry
or completion.
(b) uncoordinated use of flight controls.
(c) improper planning and timing of pitch and bank attitude
changes.
(d) factors related to failure in achieving maximum performance.
(e) a stall during the maneuver.
(f) excessive deviation from desired heading during completion.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains chandelles from an
instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
chandelles.
C. TASK: LAZY EIGHTS (ASEL) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-2.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of lazy eights by describing -
(a) selection of a suitable entry altitude.
(b) selection of suitable reference points.
(c) entry airspeed and power setting.
(d) entry technique.
(e) orientation, division of attention, and planning.
(f) coordination of flight controls.
(g) pitch and bank attitudes at key points during the maneuver.
(h) consistent airspeed and altitude control at key points during
the maneuver.
(i) proper correction for torque effect in right and left turns.
(j) loop symmetry.
(k) importance of constant rate pitch and bank attitude changes
throughout the maneuver.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to lazy eights by describing -
(a) poor selection of reference points.
(b) uncoordinated use of flight controls.
(c) unsymmetrical loops resulting from poorly planned pitch and
bank attitude changes.
(d) inconsistent airspeed and altitude at key points.
(e) loss of orientation.
(f) excessive deviation from reference points.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains lazy eights from
an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to lazy
eights.
XII. AREA OF OPERATION: GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS Index
NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: RECTANGULAR COURSE (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of a rectangular course by describing -
(a) how to select a suitable altitude.
(b) how to select a suitable ground reference with consideration
given to emergency landing areas.
(c) orientation, division of attention, and planning.
(d) configuration and airspeed prior to entry.
(e) relationship of a rectangular course to an airport traffic
pattern.
(f) wind drift correction.
(g) how to maintain desired altitude, airspeed, and distance from
ground reference boundaries.
(h) timing of turn entries and rollouts.
(i) coordination of flight controls.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to a rectangular course by describing -
(a) poor planning, orientation, or division of attention.
(b) uncoordinated flight control application.
(c) improper correction for wind drift.
(d) failure to maintain selected altitude or airspeed.
(e) selection of a ground reference where there is no suitable
emergency landing area within gliding distance.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a rectangular
course from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
rectangular course.
B. TASK: S-TURNS ACROSS A ROAD (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of S-turns across a road by describing -
(a) how to select a suitable altitude.
(b) how to select a suitable ground reference line with
consideration given to emergency landing areas.
(c) orientation, division of attention, and planning.
(d) configuration and airspeed prior to entry.
(e) entry technique.
(f) wind drift correction.
(g) tracking of semicircles of equal radii on either side of the
selected ground reference line.
(h) how to maintain desired altitude and airspeed.
(i) turn reversal over the ground reference line.
(j) coordination of flight controls.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to S-turns across a road by describing -
(a) faulty entry technique.
(b) poor planning, orientation, or division of attention.
(c) uncoordinated flight control application.
(d) improper correction for wind drift.
(e) an unsymmetrical ground track.
(f) failure to maintain selected altitude or airspeed.
(g) selection of a ground reference line where there is no
suitable emergency landing area within gliding distance.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains S-turns across a
road from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
S-turns across a road.
C. TASK: TURNS AROUND A POINT (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of turns around a point by describing -
(a) how to select a suitable altitude.
(b) how to select a suitable ground reference point with
consideration given to emergency landing areas.
(c) orientation, division of attention, and planning.
(d) configuration and airspeed prior to entry.
(e) entry technique.
(f) wind drift correction.
(g) how to maintain desired altitude, airspeed, and distance from
reference point.
(h) coordination of flight controls.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to turns around a point by describing -
(a) faulty entry technique.
(b) poor planning, orientation, or division of attention.
(c) uncoordinated flight control application.
(d) improper correction for wind drift.
(e) failure to maintain selected altitude or airspeed.
(f) selection of a ground reference point where there is no
suitable emergency landing area within gliding distance.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains turns around a
point from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to turns
around a point.
D. TASK: EIGHTS ON PYLONS (ASEL) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-2.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of eights on pylons by describing -
(a) how to determine the approximate pivotal altitude.
(b) how to select suitable pylons with consideration given to
emergency landing areas.
(c) orientation, division of attention, and planning.
(d) configuration and airspeed prior to entry.
(e) relationship of groundspeed change to the performance of the
maneuver.
(f) pilot's "line-of-sight" reference to the pylon.
(g) entry technique.
(h) technique for maintaining "line-of-sight" on the
pylon.
(i) timing of turn entries and rollouts.
(j) how to correct for wind drift between pylons.
(k) coordination of flight controls.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to eights on pylons by describing -
(a) faulty entry technique.
(b) poor planning, orientation, and division of attention.
(c) uncoordinated flight control application.
(d) use of an improper "line-of-sight" reference.
(e) application of rudder alone to maintain
"line-of-sight" on the pylon.
(f) improper timing of turn entries and rollouts.
(g) improper correction for wind drift between pylons.
(h) selection of pylons where there is no suitable emergency
landing area within gliding distance.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains eights on pylons
from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
eights on pylons.
XIII. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS Index
NOTE: The examiner will select at least TASKS A and B.
A. TASK: EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING (SIMULATED) (ASEL and ASES) Index
NOTE: The examiner will NOT simulate a power failure by placing the fuel selector to the "off" position or by placing the mixture control in the "idle-cutoff" position. The examiner will tell the instructor applicant that such practices are violations of FAA policy. No simulated emergency approach will be continued below 500 feet AGL, unless over an area where a safe landing can be accomplished in compliance with FAR Section 91.79.
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2;
Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to an
emergency approach and landing by describing -
(a) prompt establishment of the best glide airspeed and the
recommended configuration.
(b) how to select a suitable emergency landing area.
(c) planning and execution of approach to the selected landing
area.
(d) use of emergency checklist.
(e) importance of attempting to determine reason for the
malfunction.
(f) importance of dividing attention between flying the approach
and accomplishing emergency checklist.
(g) techniques that can be used to compensate for undershooting
or overshooting selected emergency landing area.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to an emergency approach and landing by describing -
(a) improper airspeed control.
(b) poor judgment in the selection of an emergency landing area.
(c) failure to estimate the approximate wind speed and direction.
(d) failure to fly the most suitable pattern for existing
situation.
(e) failure to accomplish the emergency checklist.
(f) undershooting or overshooting selected emergency landing
area.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains an emergency
approach with a simulated engine failure from an instructional
standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to an
emergency approach with a simulated engine failure.
B. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
NOTE: The examiner will not simulate a system or equipment malfunction in a manner that may jeopardize safe flight or result in possible damage to the airplane.
Objective. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of the elements related to systems and equipment malfunctions, appropriate to the airplane used for the practical test, by describing recommended pilot action for:
1. Smoke, fire, or both, during ground or flight operations.
2. Rough running engine or partial power loss.
3. Loss of engine oil pressure.
4. Fuel starvation.
5. Engine overheat.
6. Hydraulic system malfunction.
7. Electrical system malfunction.
8. Carburetor or induction icing.
9. Door or window opening in flight.
10. Inoperative or "runaway" trim.
11. Landing gear or flap malfunction.
12. Pressurization malfunction.
13. Any other system or equipment malfunction.
C. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment and survival gear appropriate to the airplane used for the practical test by describing:
1. Locations in the airplane.
2. Purpose.
3. Method of operation or use.
4. Servicing.
5. Storage.
6. Equipment and gear appropriate for operation in various
climates, over various types of terrain, and over water.