IX. AREA OF OPERATION: STALLS, SPINS, AND MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT Index
NOTE: The examiner will select at least one proficiency stall (TASK A or B), at least one demonstration stall (TASK C, D, or E), and TASK F.
A. TASK: POWER-ON STALLS (PROFICIENCY) (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of power-on stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -
(a) aerodynamics of power-on stalls.
(b) relationship of various factors such as landing gear and flap
configuration, weight, center of gravity, load factor, and bank
angle to stall speed.
(c) flight situations where unintentional power-on stalls may
occur.
(d) recognition of the first indications of power-on stalls.
(e) performance of power-on stalls in climbing flight (straight
or turning).
(f) entry technique and minimum entry altitude.
(g) coordination of flight controls.
(h) recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to power-on stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -
(a) failure to establish the specified landing gear and flap
configuration prior to entry.
(b) improper pitch, heading, and bank control during straight
ahead stalls.
(c) improper pitch and bank control during turning stalls.
(d) rough or uncoordinated control technique.
(e) failure to recognize the first indications of a stall.
(f) failure to achieve a stall.
(g) improper torque correction.
(h) poor stall recognition and delayed recovery.
(i) excessive altitude loss or excessive airspeed during
recovery.
(j) secondary stall during recovery.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains power-on stalls,
in climbing flight (straight or turning), with selected landing
gear and flap configurations, from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
power-on stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), with
selected landing gear and flap configurations.
B. TASK: POWER-OFF STALLS (PROFICIENCY) (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of power-off stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -
(a) aerodynamics of power-off stalls.
(b) relationship of various factors such as landing gear and flap
configuration, weight, center of gravity, load factor, and bank
angle to stall speed.
(c) flight situations where unintentional power-off stalls may
occur.
(d) recognition of the first indications of power-off stalls.
(e) performance of power-off stalls in descending flight
(straight or turning).
(f) entry technique and minimum entry altitude.
(g) coordination of flight controls.
(h) recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to power-off stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -
(a) failure to establish the specified landing gear and flap
configuration prior to entry.
(b) improper pitch, heading, and bank control during straight
ahead stalls.
(c) improper pitch and bank control during turning stalls.
(d) rough or uncoordinated control technique.
(e) failure to recognize the first indications of a stall.
(f) failure to achieve a stall.
(g) improper torque correction.
(h) poor stall recognition and delayed recovery.
(i) excessive altitude loss or excessive airspeed during
recovery.
(j) secondary stall during recovery.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains power-off stalls,
in descending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing
gear and flap configurations, from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
power-off stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning),
with selected landing gear and flap configurations.
C. TASK: CROSSED-CONTROL STALLS (DEMONSTRATION) (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of crossed-control stalls, with the landing gear extended, by describing -
(a) aerodynamics of crossed-control stalls.
(b) effects of crossed controls in gliding or reduced airspeed
descending turns.
(c) hazards of crossed controls in a base leg to final approach
turn.
(d) entry technique and minimum entry altitude.
(e) recognition of crossed-control stalls.
(f) flight situations where unintentional crossed-control stalls
may occur.
(g) recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to crossed-control stalls, with the landing gear extended, by describing -
(a) failure to establish selected configuration prior to
entry.
(b) failure to establish a crossed-control turn and stall
condition that will adequately demonstrate the hazards of a
crossed-control stall.
(c) improper or inadequate demonstration of the recognition of
and recovery from a crossed-control stall.
(d) failure to present simulated student instruction that
adequately emphasizes the hazards of a crossed-control condition
in a gliding or reduced airspeed condition.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a crossed-control
stall, with the landing gear extended, from an instructional
standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to a
crossed-control stall with the landing gear extended.
D. TASK: ELEVATOR TRIM STALLS (DEMONSTRATION) (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of elevator trim stalls, in selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -
(a) aerodynamics of elevator trim stalls.
(b) hazards of inadequate control pressures to compensate for
thrust, torque, and up-elevator trim during go-arounds and other
related maneuvers.
(c) entry technique and minimum entry altitude.
(d) recognition of elevator trim stalls.
(e) importance of recovering from an elevator trim stall
immediately upon recognition.
(f) flight situations where elevator trim stalls occur.
(g) recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to elevator trim stalls, in selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -
(a) failure to establish selected configuration prior to
entry.
(b) failure to establish the thrust, torque, and up-elevator trim
conditions that will result in a realistic demonstration.
(c) improper or inadequate demonstration of the recognition of
and the recovery from an elevator trim stall.
(d) failure to present simulated student instruction that adequately emphasizes the hazards of poor correction for torque and up-elevator trim during go-arounds and other maneuvers.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains elevator trim
stalls, in selected landing gear and flap configurations, from an
instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
elevator trim stalls in selected landing gear and flap
configurations.
E. TASK: SECONDARY STALLS (DEMONSTRATION) (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of secondary stalls, in selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -
(a) aerodynamics of secondary stalls.
(b) flight situations where secondary stalls may occur.
(c) hazards of secondary stalls during normal stall or spin
recovery.
(d) entry technique and minimum entry altitude.
(e) recognition of a secondary stall.
(f) recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to secondary stalls, in selected landing gear and flap configurations, by describing -
(a) failure to establish selected configuration prior to
entry.
(b) improper or inadequate demonstration of the recognition of
and recovery from a secondary stall.
(c) failure to establish a condition that will cause a secondary
stall to occur.
(d) failure to present simulated student instruction that
adequately emphasizes the hazards of poor technique in recovering
from a primary stall.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains secondary stalls,
in selected landing gear and flap configurations, from an
instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
secondary stalls in selected landing gear and flap
configurations.
NOTE: At the discretion of the examiner, a logbook record attesting applicant instructional competency in spin entries, spins, and spin recoveries may be accepted in lieu of this TASK. Logbook record shall be certified by the flight instructor who conducted the spin instruction.
REFERENCES: FAR Part 23; Type Certificate; AC 60-14, AC 61-21;
Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of spins by
describing -
(a) aerodynamics of spins.
(b) airplanes approved for the spin maneuver based on
airworthiness category and type certificate.
(c) relationship of various factors such as configuration,
weight, center of gravity, and control coordination to spins.
(d) flight situations where unintentional spins may occur.
(e) how to recognize and recover from imminent, unintentional
spins.
(f) entry technique and minimum entry altitude for intentional
spins.
(g) control technique to maintain a stabilized spin.
(h) orientation during a spin.
(i) recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude for
intentional spins.
(j) anxiety factors associated with spin instruction.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to spins by describing -
(a) failure to establish proper configuration prior to spin
entry.
(b) failure to achieve and maintain a full stall during spin
entry.
(c) failure to close throttle when a spin entry is achieved.
(d) failure to recognize the indications of an imminent,
unintentional spin.
(e) improper use of flight controls during spin entry, rotation,
or recovery.
(f) disorientation during a spin.
(g) failure to distinguish between a high speed spiral and a
spin.
(h) excessive speed or accelerated stall during recovery.
(i) failure to recover with minimum loss of altitude.
(j) hazards of attempting to spin an airplane not approved for
spins.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a spin (one turn)
from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
spins.
G. TASK: MANEUVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1, FAA-S-8081-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of
maneuvering during slow flight by describing -
(a) relationship of configuration, weight, center of gravity,
maneuvering loads, angle of bank, and power to flight
characteristics and controllability.
(b) relationship of the maneuver to critical flight situations,
such as go-arounds.
(c) performance of the maneuver in various landing gear and flap
configurations during straight-and-level flight and level turns.
(d) specified airspeed for the maneuver.
(e) coordination of flight controls.
(f) trim technique.
(g) re-establishment of cruise flight.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to maneuvering during slow flight by describing -
(a) failure to establish specified configuration.
(b) improper entry technique.
(c) failure to establish and maintain the specified airspeed.
(d) excessive variations of altitude, heading, and bank when a
constant altitude, heading, and bank are specified.
(e) rough or uncoordinated control technique.
(f) faulty trim technique.
(g) unintentional stall.
(h) inappropriate removal of hand from throttle.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains maneuvering during
slow flight from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
maneuvering during slow flight.
X. AREA OF OPERATION: BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS Index
NOTE: The examiner will select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27; FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments, by describing-
(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and
aircraft control.
(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control, and how
those instruments are used to maintain altitude, heading, and
airspeed.
(c) trim technique.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments, by describing -
(a) "fixation," "omission," and
"emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.
(b) improper instrument interpretation.
(c) improper control applications.
(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments
during altitude, heading, or airspeed corrections.
(e) faulty trim technique.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains straight-and-level
flight, solely by reference to instruments, from an instructional
standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
straight-and-level flight, solely by reference to instruments.
B. TASK: STRAIGHT, CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27; FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight, constant airspeed climbs, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -
(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and
aircraft control.
(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during
entry, during the climb, and during level-off, and how those
instruments are used to maintain climb heading and airspeed.
(c) trim technique.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight, constant airspeed climbs, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -
(a) "fixation," "omission," and
"emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.
(b) improper instrument interpretation.
(c) improper control applications.
(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments
during heading and airspeed corrections.
(e) improper entry or level-off technique.
(f) faulty trim technique.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight,
constant airspeed climb, solely by reference to instruments, from
an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
straight, constant airspeed climbs, solely by reference to
instruments.
C. TASK: STRAIGHT, CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27; FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of straight, constant airspeed descents, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -
(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and
aircraft control.
(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during
entry, during the descent, and during level-off, and how those
instruments are used to maintain descent heading and airspeed.
(c) trim technique.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to straight, constant airspeed descents, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -
(a) "fixation," "omission," and
"emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.
(b) improper instrument interpretation.
(c) improper control applications.
(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, or power adjustments
during heading and airspeed corrections.
(e) improper entry or level-off technique.
(f) faulty trim technique.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a straight,
constant airspeed descent, solely by reference to instruments,
from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
straight, constant airspeed descents, solely by reference to
instruments.
D. TASK: TURNS TO HEADINGS (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27; FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of turns to headings, solely by reference to instruments by describing -
(a) instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and
aircraft control.
(b) instruments used for pitch, bank, and power control during
turn entry, during the turn, and during the turn rollout, and how
those instruments are used.
(c) trim technique.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to turns to headings, solely by reference to instruments, by describing -
(a) "fixation," "omission," and
"emphasis" errors during instrument cross-check.
(b) improper instrument interpretation.
(c) improper control applications.
(d) failure to establish proper pitch, bank, and power
adjustments during altitude, bank, and airspeed corrections.
(e) improper entry or rollout technique.
(f) faulty trim technique.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a turn to a
heading, solely by reference to instruments, from an
instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to turns
to headings, solely by reference to instruments.
E. TASK: RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27; FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of recovery from unusual flight attitudes by describing -
(a) conditions and situations that may result in unusual
flight attitudes.
(b) the two basic unusual flight attitudes - nose-high (climbing
turn) and nose-low (diving spiral).
(c) how unusual flight attitudes are recognized.
(d) control sequence for recovery from a nose-high attitude and
the reasons for that sequence.
(e) control sequence for recovery from a nose-low attitude and
the reasons for that sequence.
(f) reasons why the controls should be coordinated during unusual
flight attitude recoveries.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to recovery from unusual flight attitudes by describing -
(a) failure to recognize an unusual flight attitude.
(b) consequences of attempting to recover from an unusual flight
attitude by "feel" rather than by instrument
indications.
(c) inappropriate control applications during recovery.
(d) failure to recognize from instrument indications when the
airplane is passing through a level flight attitude.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains a recovery from
nose-high and a nose-low flight attitude from an instructional
standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to
recovery from unusual flight attitudes.
F. TASK: RADIO AIDS AND RADAR SERVICES (ASEL and ASES) Index
REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27; FAA-S-8081-1.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the emergency use of radio aids and radar services by describing -
(a) situations that would require the use of radio aids or
radar assistance.
(b) available radio aids and radar services.
(c) how to determine minimum safe altitude.
(d) procedures to be followed when using a radio aid or radar
services.
2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to the emergency use of radio aids and radar services by describing -
(a) hazards of delay in using a radio aid or in obtaining
radar services.
(b) failure to properly control the airplane.
(c) failure to properly select, tune, or identify a radio
facility.
(d) failure to maintain minimum safe altitude.
3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains the emergency use
of radio aids or radar services from an instructional standpoint.
4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to the
emergency use of radio aids and radar services.