FLIGHT BY REFERENCE TO INSTRUMENTS

REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21, AC 61-27; FAA-S-8081-1.

 

Lesson #51. STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT

OBJECTIVE: You will learn how to give instruction regarding straight-and-level flight.

CONTENT: Exhibit instructional knowledge of the elements of straight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments, by demonstrating and simultaneously explaining:

________ (1) Instrument cross-check, Instrument Interpretation, And Aircraft Control

________ (2) The Instruments Used For Pitch, Bank And Power Control, And How Those Instruments Are Used To Maintain Altitude, Heading And Airspeed

________ (3) Trim Technique

Exhibit Instructional Knowledge Of Common Errors Related To Straight- And-Level-Flight Solely By Reference To Instruments By Describing:

________ (1) "Fixation," "Omission," and "Emphasis" Errors During Instrument cross-check

________ (2) Improper Instrument Interpretation

________ (3) Improper Control Applications

________ (4) Failure To Establish Proper Pitch, Bank, Or Power Adjustments During Altitude, Heading, Or Airspeed Corrections

________ (5) Improper Trim Technique

COMPLETION STANDARDS: You will be able to explain specific elements about straight-and-level flight from an instructional standpoint, and correctly analyze and correct common errors that a student would make while learning or performing this operation.

 

Lesson #52. STRAIGHT, CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS

OBJECTIVE: You will learn how to give instruction regarding straight, constant airspeed climbs.

CONTENT: Exhibit instructional knowledge of the elements of straight, constant airspeed climbs solely by reference to instruments, by demonstrating and simultaneously explaining:

________ (1) Instrument cross-check, Instrument Interpretation, And Aircraft Control

________ (2) The Instruments Used For Pitch, Bank And Power Control During Entry, During The Climb, And During Level-Off And How Those Instruments Are Used to Maintain Altitude, Heading & Airspeed

________ (3) Trim Technique

Exhibit Instructional Knowledge Of Common Errors Related To Straight, Constant Airspeed Climbs, Solely By Reference To Instruments By Describing:

________ (1) "Fixation," "Omission," and "Emphasis" Errors During Instrument cross-check

________ (2) Improper Instrument Interpretation

________ (3) Improper Control Applications

________ (4) Failure To Establish Proper Pitch, Bank, Or Power Adjustments During Heading And Airspeed Corrections

________ (5) Improper Entry, Or Level-Off Technique

________ (6) Improper Trim Technique

COMPLETION STANDARDS: You will be able to explain specific elements about straight, constant airspeed climbs from an instructional standpoint, and correctly analyze and correct common errors that a student would make while learning or performing this operation.

 

Lesson #53. STRAIGHT, CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS

OBJECTIVE: You will learn how to give instruction regarding straight, constant airspeed descents.

CONTENT: Exhibit instructional knowledge of the elements of straight, constant airspeed descents solely by reference to instruments, by demonstrating and simultaneously explaining:

________ (1) Instrument cross-check, Instrument Interpretation, And Aircraft Control

________ (2) The Instruments Used For Pitch, Bank And Power Control During Entry, During The Descent, And During Level-Off And How Those Instruments Are Used to Maintain Altitude, Heading And Airspeed

________ (3) Trim Technique

Exhibit Instructional Knowledge Of Common Errors Related To Straight, Constant Airspeed Descents, Solely By reference To Instruments By Describing:

________ (1) "Fixation," "Omission," and "Emphasis" Errors During Instrument cross-check

________ (2) Improper Instrument Interpretation

________ (3) Improper Control Applications

________ (4) Failure To Establish Proper Pitch, Bank, Or Power Adjustments During Heading And Airspeed Corrections

________ (5) Improper Entry, Or Level-Off Technique

________ (6) Improper Trim Technique

COMPLETION STANDARDS: You will be able to explain specific elements about straight, constant airspeed descents from an instructional standpoint, and correctly analyze and correct common errors that a student would make while learning or performing this operation.

 

 

Lesson #54. TURNS TO HEADINGS

OBJECTIVE: You will learn how to give instruction regarding turns to headings.

CONTENT: Exhibit instructional knowledge of the elements of turns to headings, solely by reference to instruments, by demonstrating and simultaneously explaining:

________ (1) Instrument cross-check, Instrument Interpretation, And Aircraft Control

________ (2) The Instruments Used For Pitch, Bank And Power Control During Turn Entry, During The Turn, And During The Turn Roll-Out, And How Those Instruments Are Used

________ (3) Trim Technique

Exhibit Instructional Knowledge Of Common Errors Related To Turns To Headings, Solely By Reference To Instruments By Describing:

________ (1) "Fixation," "Omission," and "Emphasis" Errors During Instrument cross-check

________ (2) Improper Instrument Interpretation

________ (3) Improper Control Applications

________ (4) Failure To Establish Proper Pitch, Bank, And Power Adjustments During Altitude, Bank And Airspeed Corrections

________ (5) Improper Entry, Or Roll-Out Technique

________ (6) Improper Trim Technique

COMPLETION STANDARDS: You will be able to explain specific elements about turns to headings from an instructional standpoint, and correctly analyze and correct common errors that a student would make while learning or performing this operation.

 

Lesson #55. RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES

OBJECTIVE: You will learn how to give instruction regarding unusual flight attitudes.

CONTENT: Exhibit instructional knowledge of the elements of recovery from unusual flight attitudes by demonstrating and simultaneously explaining:

________ (1) Conditions And Situations That May Result In Unusual Flight Attitudes

________ (2) The Two Basic Unusual Flight attitudes -- Nose-High (climbing turn) And Nose-Low (diving spiral)

________ (3) How Unusual Flight Attitudes Are Recognized

________ (4) The Control Sequence For Recovery From A Nose-High Attitude And The Reasons For That Sequence

________ (5) The Control Sequence For Recovery From A Nose-Low Attitude And The Reasons For That Sequence

________ (6) The Reasons Why The Controls Should Be Coordinated During Unusual Flight Attitude Recoveries

Exhibit Instructional Knowledge Of Common Errors Related To Unusual Flight Attitudes By Describing:

________ (1) The Failure To Recognize A Unusual Flight Attitude

________ (2) The Consequences Of Attempting To Recover From A Unusual Flight Attitude By "Feel" Rather Than By Instrument Indications

________ (3) Inappropriate Control Applications During Recovery

________ (4) The Failure To Recognize From Instrument Indications When The Airplane Is Passing Through A Level Flight Attitude

COMPLETION STANDARDS: You will be able to explain specific elements about unusual flight attitudes from an instructional standpoint, and correctly analyze and correct common errors that a student would make while learning or performing this operation.

Lesson #56. RADIO AIDS AND RADAR SERVICES

OBJECTIVE: You will learn how to give instruction regarding radio aids and radar services.

CONTENT: Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to the emergency use of radio aids and radar services by demonstrating and simultaneously explaining:

________ (1) Situations That Would Require The Use Of Radio Aids And Radar Services

________ (2) Available Radio Aids And Radar Services

________ (3) How To Determine Minimum Safe Altitude

________ (4) Procedures To Be Followed When Using Radio Aids And Radar Services

Exhibit Instructional Knowledge Of Common Errors Related To The Emergency Use Of Radio Aids And Radar Services By Describing:

________ (1) The Hazards If Delay In Using A Radio Aid Or In Obtaining Radar Services

________ (2) Failure To Properly Control The Airplane

________ (3) Failure To Properly Select, Tune Or Identify A Radio Facility

________ (4) Failure To Maintain Minimum Safe Altitude

COMPLETION STANDARDS: You will be able to explain specific elements about radio aids and radar services from an instructional standpoint, and correctly analyze and correct common errors that a student would make while learning or performing this operation.

 

MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-2.

 

Lesson #57. STEEP TURNS

OBJECTIVE: You will learn how to give instruction regarding steep turns.

CONTENT: Exhibit instructional knowledge of the elements of a steep turn by demonstrating and simultaneously explaining:

________ (1) The Relationship Of Bank Angle, Load Factor, And Stalling Speed

________ (2) Over-Banking Tendency

________ (3) Torque Effect In Left And Right Turns

________ (4) The Selection Of A Suitable Altitude

________ (5) Orientation, Division Of Attention, And Planning

________ (6) Appropriate Power Setting And Airspeed Prior To Entry

________ (7) Entry And Roll-Out Technique

________ (8) Coordination Of Flight Controls

________ (9) Differential Wing Drag

________(10) Altitude, Bank And Power Control During The Turn

Exhibit Instructional Knowledge Of Common Errors Related To Steep turns by Describing:

________ (1) Improper Pitch, Bank, And Power Coordination During Roll-In And Roll-Out

________ (2) Uncoordinated Use Of Flight Controls

________ (3) Inappropriate Control Applications

________ (4) Improper Technique In Correcting Altitude Deviations

________ (5) Loss Of Orientation

________ (6) Excessive Deviation From Desired Heading During Roll-Out

COMPLETION STANDARDS: You will be able to explain specific elements about steep turns from an instructional standpoint, and correctly analyze and correct common errors that a student would make while learning or performing this operation.

 

Lesson #58. CHANDELLES

OBJECTIVE: You will learn how to give instruction regarding chandelles.

CONTENT: Exhibit instructional knowledge of the elements of chandelles by demonstrating and simultaneously explaining:

________ (1) The Selection Of A Suitable Entry Altitude

________ (2) Entry Airspeed And Power Setting

________ (3) Entry Technique Including Power Application

________ (4) Division Of Attention And Planning

________ (5) Coordination Of Flight Controls

________ (6) Pitch-And-Bank Attitudes At Various Points During The Maneuver

________ (7) The Proper Correction For Torque Effect In Right And Left Turns

________ (8) The Achievement Of Maximum Performance

________ (9) Completion Technique

Exhibit Instructional Knowledge Of Common Errors By Describing:

________ (1) Improper Pitch, Bank, & Power Coordination (Entry/ Completion )

________ (2) Uncoordinated Use Of Flight Controls

________ (3) Improper Planning /Timing Of Pitch-And-Bank Attitude Changes

________ (4) Factors Related To Failure In Achieving Maximum Performance

________ (5) A Stall During The Maneuver

________ (6) Excessive Deviation From Desired Heading During Completion

COMPLETION STANDARDS: You will be able to explain specific elements about chandelles from an instructional standpoint, and correctly analyze and correct common errors that a student would make while learning or performing this operation.

 

Lesson #59. LAZY EIGHTS

OBJECTIVE: You will learn how to give instruction regarding lazy eights.

CONTENT: Exhibit instructional knowledge of the elements of lazy eights by demonstrating and simultaneously explaining:

________ (1) The Selection Of A Suitable Entry Altitude

________ (2) The Selection Of Suitable Reference Points

________ (3) Entry Airspeed And Power Setting

________ (4) Entry Technique

________ (5) Orientation, Division Of Attention And Planning

________ (6) Coordination Of Flight Controls

________ (7) Pitch-And-Bank Attitudes At Key Points During The Maneuver

________ (8) Consistent Airspeed And Altitude Control At Key Maneuver Points

________ (9) The Proper Correction For Torque Effect In Right And Left Turns

________(10) Loop Symmetry

________(11) The Importance Of Constant Rate Pitch-And-Bank Attitude Changes Throughout The Maneuver

Exhibit Instructional Knowledge Of Common Errors Related To Lazy Eights By Describing:

________ (1) The Poor Selection Of Reference Points

________ (2) Uncoordinated Use Of Flight Controls

________ (3) Unsymmetrical Loops / Poorly Planned Pitch-And-Bank Attitude Changes

________ (4) Inconsistent Airspeed And Altitude At Key Points

________ (5) Loss Of Orientation

________ (6) Excessive Deviation From The Reference Points

COMPLETION STANDARDS: You will be able to explain specific elements about lazy eights from an instructional standpoint, and correctly analyze and correct common errors that a student would make while learning or performing this operation.

 

Lesson #60. STEEP SPIRAL

OBJECTIVE: You will learn how to give instruction regarding steep spirals.

CONTENT: Exhibit instructional knowledge of the elements of a steep spiral by demonstrating and simultaneously explaining:

________ (1) The Relationship Of Bank, Load Factor, And Stalling Speed

________ (2) Over-Banking Tendency

________ (3) Orientation, Division Of Attention And Planning

________ (4) Airplane Configuration, Power Setting, And Appropriate Airspeed Prior To Entry

________ (5) Entry Technique

________ (6) Coordination Of Flight Controls

________ (7) Wind Drift Correction To Maintain A Constant Distance From The Ground Reference Point

________ (8) How To Maintain Desired Airspeed

________ (9) Relationship Of Steep Spirals And Forced Landings

Exhibit Instructional Knowledge Of Common Errors Related To Steep Spirals By Describing:

________ (1) Improper Pitch And Bank Coordination During Entry

________ (2) Uncoordinated Use Of Flight Controls

________ (3) Excessive Airspeed Variations

________ (4) Improper Bank Variations To Correct For Wind Drift

________ (5) Loss Of Orientation

________ (6) Improper Roll-Out And Level-Off Technique

COMPLETION STANDARDS: You will be able to explain specific elements about steep spirals, and correctly analyze and correct common errors that a student would make while learning or performing this operation.

 

 

FLIGHT BY REFERENCE TO GROUND OBJECTS

REFERENCES: AC 60-14, AC 61-21; FAA-S-8081-1.

 

Lesson #61. RECTANGULAR COURSE

OBJECTIVE: You will learn how to give instruction regarding rectangular courses.

CONTENT: Exhibit instructional knowledge of the elements of a rectangular course by demonstrating and simultaneously explaining:

________ (1) How To Select A Suitable Altitude

________ (2) How To Select A Suitable Ground Reference With Consideration Given To Emergency Landing Areas

________ (3) Orientation, Division Of Attention And Planning

________ (4) Configuration And Airspeed Prior To Entry

________ (5) The Relationship Of A Rectangular Course To An Airport Traffic Pattern

________ (6) Wind Drift Correction

________ (7) How To Maintain Desired Altitude, Airspeed, And Distance From The Ground Reference Boundaries

________ (8) Timing Of Turn Entries And Roll-Outs

________ (9) Coordination Of Flight Controls

Exhibit Instructional Knowledge Of Common Errors Related To A Rectangular Course By Describing:

________ (1) Poor Planning, Orientation, Or Division Of Attention

________ (2) Uncoordinated Flight Control Application

________ (3) Improper Correction For Wind Drift

________ (4) Failure To Maintain Selected Altitude Or Airspeed

________ (5) Selection Of A Ground Reference Where There Is No Suitable Emergency Landing Area Within Gliding Distance

COMPLETION STANDARDS: You will be able to explain specific elements about the rectangular course from an instructional standpoint, and correctly analyze and correct common errors that a student would make while learning or performing this operation.

 

Lesson #62. S-TURNS ACROSS A ROAD

OBJECTIVE: You will learn how to give instruction regarding S-turns across a road.

CONTENT: Exhibit instructional knowledge of the elements of S-turns across a road by demonstrating and simultaneously explaining:

________ (1) How To Select A Suitable Altitude

________ (2) How To Select A Suitable Ground Reference Line With Consideration Given To Emergency Landing Areas

________ (3) Orientation, Division Of Attention And Planning

________ (4) Configuration And Airspeed Prior To Entry

________ (5) Entry Technique

________ (6) Wind Drift Correction

________ (7) The Tracking Of Semi-Circles Of Equal Radii On Either Side Of The Selected Ground Reference Line

________ (8) How To Maintain Desired Altitude And Airspeed

________ (9) Turn Reversal Over The Ground Reference Line

________(10) Coordination Of Flight Controls

Exhibit Instructional Knowledge Of Common Errors Related To S-Turns Across A Road By Describing:

________ (1) Faulty Entry Technique

________ (2) Poor Planning, Orientation, or Poor Division Of Attention

________ (3) Uncoordinated Flight Control Application

________ (4) Improper Correction For Wind Drift

________ (5) An Unsymmetrical Ground Track

________ (6) Failure To Maintain Selected Altitude Or Airspeed

________ (7) Selection Of A Ground Reference Where There Is No Suitable Emergency Landing Area Within Gliding Distance

COMPLETION STANDARDS: You will be able to explain specific elements about S-turns across a road from an instructional standpoint, and correctly analyze and correct common errors that a student would make while learning or performing this operation.

 

 

Lesson #63. TURNS AROUND A POINT

OBJECTIVE: You will learn how to give instruction regarding turns around a point.

CONTENT: Exhibit instructional knowledge of the elements of turns around a point by demonstrating and simultaneously explaining:

________ (1) How To Select A Suitable Altitude

________ (2) How To Select A Suitable Ground Reference Point With Consideration Given To Emergency Landing Areas

________ (3) Orientation, Division Of Attention And Planning

________ (4) Configuration And Airspeed Prior To Entry

________ (5) Entry Technique

________ (6) Wind Drift Correction

________ (7) How To Maintain Desired Altitude, Airspeed And Distance From The Reference Point

________ (8) Coordination Of Flight Controls

Exhibit Instructional Knowledge Of Common Errors Related To Turns Around A Point By Describing:

________ (1) Faulty Entry Technique

________ (2) Poor Planning, Orientation, or Poor Division Of Attention

________ (3) Uncoordinated Flight Control Application

________ (4) Improper Correction For Wind Drift

________ (5) Failure To Maintain Selected Altitude Or Airspeed

________ (6) Selection Of A Ground Reference Where There Is No Suitable Emergency Landing Area Within Gliding Distance

COMPLETION STANDARDS: You will be able to explain specific elements about turns around a point from an instructional standpoint, and correctly analyze and correct common errors that a student would make while learning or performing this operation.

 

 

Lesson #64. EIGHTS AROUND PYLONS

OBJECTIVE: You will learn how to give instruction about eights around pylons.

CONTENT: Exhibit instructional knowledge of the elements of eights around pylons by demonstrating and simultaneously explaining:

________ (1) How To Select A Suitable Altitude

________ (2) How To Select A Suitable Pylons With Consideration Given To Emergency Landing Areas

________ (3) Orientation, Division Of Attention And Planning

________ (4) Configuration And Airspeed Prior To Entry

________ (5) Entry Technique

________ (6) Wind Drift Correction

________ (7) How To Maintain Desired Altitude, Airspeed And Distance From The Pylons

________ (8) Timing Of Turn Entries And Roll-Outs

Exhibit Instructional Knowledge Of Common Errors Related To Eights Around Pylons By Describing:

________ (1) Faulty Entry Technique

________ (2) Poor Planning, Orientation, Or Division Of Attention

________ (3) Uncoordinated Flight Control Application

________ (4) Improper Correction For Wind Drift

________ (5) An Unsymmetrical Ground Track

________ (6) Failure To Maintain Selected Altitude Or Airspeed

________ (7) Selection Of Pylons Where There Is No Suitable Emergency Landing Area Within Gliding Distance

COMPLETION STANDARDS: You will be able to explain specific elements about eights around pylons, and correctly analyze and correct common errors that a student would make while learning or performing this operation.

 

 

Lesson #65. EIGHTS ON PYLONS

OBJECTIVE: You will learn how to give instruction regarding eights on pylons.

CONTENT: Exhibit instructional knowledge of the elements of eights on pylons by demonstrating and simultaneously explaining:

________ (1) How To Determine The Approximate Pivotal Altitude

________ (2) How To Select Suitable Pylons With Consideration Given To Emergency Landing Areas

________ (3) Orientation, Division Of Attention And Planning

________ (4) Configuration And Airspeed Prior To Entry

________ (5) The Relationship Of Groundspeed Change To The Performance Of The Maneuver

________ (6) The Pilot's "Line-Of-Sight" Reference To The Pylon

________ (7) Entry Technique

________ (8) The Technique Of Maintaining The "Line-Of-Sight" On The Pylon

________ (9) Timing Of Turn Entries And Roll-Outs

________(10) How To Correct For Wind Drift Between Pylons

________(11) Coordination Of Flight Controls

Exhibit Instructional Knowledge Of Common Errors Related To Eights on Pylons By Describing:

________ (1) Faulty Entry Technique

________ (2) Poor Planning, Orientation, Or Division Of Attention

________ (3) Uncoordinated Flight Control Application

________ (4) The Use Of An Improper "Line-Of-Sight" Reference

________ (5) The Application Of Rudder Alone To Maintain The "Line-Of-Sight" On The Pylon

________ (6) Improper Timing Of Turn Entries And Roll-Outs

________ (7) Improper Correction For Wind Drift Between Pylons

________ (8) Selection Of Pylons Where There Is No Suitable Emergency Landing Area Within Gliding Distance

COMPLETION STANDARDS: You will be able to explain specific elements about eights on pylons from an instructional standpoint, and correctly analyze and correct common errors that a student would make during this operation.

Certified Flight Instructor