14 CFR Part 61 Subpart C--Student Pilots

Sec. 61.81 Applicability.

This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of student pilot

certificates, the conditions under which those certificates are necessary,

and the general operating rules and limitations for the holders of those

certificates.

 

Sec. 61.83 Eligibility requirements for student pilots.

To be eligible for a student pilot certificate, an applicant must:

(a) Be at least 16 years of age for other than the operation of a glider or

balloon.

(b) Be at least 14 years of age for the operation of a glider or balloon.

(c) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. If

the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements due to medical

reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating limitations on that

applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the

aircraft.

 

Sec. 61.85 Application.

An application for a student pilot certificate is made on a form and in a

manner provided by the Administrator and is submitted to:

(a) A designated aviation medical examiner if applying for an FAA medical

certificate under part 67 of this chapter;

(b) An examiner; or

(c) A Flight Standards District Office.

 

Sec. 61.87 Solo requirements for student pilots.

(a) General. A student pilot may not operate an aircraft in solo flight

unless that student has met the requirements of this section. The term "solo

flight," as used in this subpart, means that flight time during which a

student pilot is the sole occupant of the aircraft, or that flight time

during which the student acts as a pilot in command of a gas balloon or an

airship requiring more than one flight crewmember.

(b) Aeronautical knowledge. A student pilot must demonstrate satisfactory

aeronautical knowledge on a knowledge test that meets the requirements of

this paragraph:

(1) The test must address the student pilot's knowledge of--

(i) Applicable sections of parts 61 and 91 of this chapter;

(ii) Airspace rules and procedures for the airport where the solo flight

will be performed; and

(iii) Flight characteristics and operational limitations for the make and

model of aircraft to be flown.

(2) The student's authorized instructor must--

(i) Administer the test; and

(ii) At the conclusion of the test, review all incorrect answers with the

student before authorizing that student to conduct a solo flight.

(c) Pre-solo flight training. Prior to conducting a solo flight, a student

pilot must have:

(1) Received and logged flight training for the maneuvers and procedures of

this section that are appropriate to the make and model of aircraft to be

flown; and

(2) Demonstrated satisfactory proficiency and safety, as judged by an

authorized instructor, on the maneuvers and procedures required by this

section in the make and model of aircraft or similar make and model of

aircraft to be flown.

(d) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a single-

engine airplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for a single-

engine airplane rating must receive and log flight training for the following

maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning and

preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns;

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence

avoidance;

(8) Descents, with and without turns, using high and low drag

configurations;

(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;

(10) Stall entries from various flight attitudes and power combinations

with recovery initiated at the first indication of a stall, and recovery from

a full stall;

(11) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;

(12) Ground reference maneuvers;

(13) Approaches to a landing area with simulated engine malfunctions;

(14) Slips to a landing; and

(15) Go-arounds.

(e) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a multiengine

airplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for a multiengine

airplane rating must receive and log flight training for the following

maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning and

preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns;

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence

avoidance;

(8) Descents, with and without turns, using high and low drag

configurations;

(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;

(10) Stall entries from various flight attitudes and power combinations

with recovery initiated at the first indication of a stall, and recovery from

a full stall;

(11) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;

(12) Ground reference maneuvers;

(13) Approaches to a landing area with simulated engine malfunctions; and

(14) Go-arounds.

(f) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a helicopter.

A student pilot who is receiving training for a helicopter rating must

receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning and

preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns;

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence

avoidance;

(8) Descents with and without turns;

(9) Flight at various airspeeds;

(10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;

(11) Ground reference maneuvers;

(12) Approaches to the landing area;

(13) Hovering and hovering turns;

(14) Go-arounds;

(15) Simulated emergency procedures, including autorotational descents with

a power recovery and power recovery to a hover;

(16) Rapid decelerations; and

(17) Simulated one-engine-inoperative approaches and landings for

multiengine helicopters.

(g) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a gyroplane. A

student pilot who is receiving training for a gyroplane rating must receive

and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning and

preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns;

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence

avoidance;

(8) Descents with and without turns;

(9) Flight at various airspeeds;

(10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;

(11) Ground reference maneuvers;

(12) Approaches to the landing area;

(13) High rates of descent with power on and with simulated power off, and

recovery from those flight configurations;

(14) Go-arounds; and

(15) Simulated emergency procedures, including simulated power-off landings

and simulated power failure during departures.

(h) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a powered-

lift. A student pilot who is receiving training for a powered-lift rating

must receive and log flight training in the following maneuvers and

procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning and

preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns;

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence

avoidance;

(8) Descents with and without turns;

(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;

(10) Stall entries from various flight attitudes and power combinations

with recovery initiated at the first indication of a stall, and recovery from

a full stall;

(11) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;

(12) Ground reference maneuvers;

(13) Approaches to a landing with simulated engine malfunctions;

(14) Go-arounds;

(15) Approaches to the landing area;

(16) Hovering and hovering turns; and

(17) For multiengine powered-lifts, simulated one-engine-inoperative

approaches and landings.

(i) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a glider. A

student pilot who is receiving training for a glider rating must receive and

log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning,

preparation, aircraft systems, and, if appropriate, powerplant operations;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups, if applicable;

(3) Launches, including normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;

(5) Airport traffic patterns, including entry procedures;

(6) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence

avoidance;

(7) Descents with and without turns using high and low drag configurations;

(8) Flight at various airspeeds;

(9) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;

(10) Ground reference maneuvers;

(11) Inspection of towline rigging and review of signals and release

procedures;

(12) Aerotow, ground tow, or self-launch procedures;

(13) Procedures for disassembly and assembly of the glider;

(14) Stall entry, stall, and stall recovery;

(15) Straight glides, turns, and spirals;

(16) Landings, including normal and crosswind;

(17) Slips to a landing;

(18) Procedures and techniques for thermalling; and

(19) Emergency operations, including towline break procedures.

(j) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in an airship. A

student pilot who is receiving training for an airship rating must receive

and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning and

preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns;

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence

avoidance;

(8) Descents with and without turns;

(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;

(10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;

(11) Ground reference maneuvers;

(12) Rigging, ballasting, and controlling pressure in the ballonets, and

superheating; and

(13) Landings with positive and with negative static trim.

(k) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a balloon. A

student pilot who is receiving training in a balloon must receive and log

flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Layout and assembly procedures;

(2) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight planning and

preparation, and aircraft systems;

(3) Ascents and descents;

(4) Landing and recovery procedures;

(5) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;

(6) Operation of hot air or gas source, ballast, valves, vents, and rip

panels, as appropriate;

(7) Use of deflation valves or rip panels for simulating an emergency;

(8) The effects of wind on climb and approach angles; and

(9) Obstruction detection and avoidance techniques.

(l) Limitations on student pilots operating an aircraft in solo flight. A

student pilot may not operate an aircraft in solo flight unless that student

pilot has received:

(1) An endorsement from an authorized instructor on his or her student

pilot certificate for the specific make and model aircraft to be flown; and

(2) An endorsement in the student's logbook for the specific make and model

aircraft to be flown by an authorized instructor, who gave the training

within the 90 days preceding the date of the flight.

(m) Limitations on student pilots operating an aircraft in solo flight at

night. A student pilot may not operate an aircraft in solo flight at night

unless that student pilot has received:

(1) Flight training at night on night flying procedures that includes

takeoffs, approaches, landings, and go-arounds at night at the airport where

the solo flight will be conducted;

(2) Navigation training at night in the vicinity of the airport where the

solo flight will be conducted;

(3) An endorsement from an authorized instructor in the student's logbook

for the specific make and model aircraft to be flown for night solo flight;

and

(4) An endorsement in the student's logbook for the specific make and model

aircraft to be flown for night solo flight by an authorized instructor who

gave the training within the 90-day period preceding the date of the flight.

(n) Limitations on flight instructors authorizing solo flight. (1) No

instructor may authorize a student pilot to perform a solo flight unless that

instructor has--

(i) Given that student pilot training in the make and model of aircraft or

a similar make and model of aircraft in which the solo flight is to be flown;

(ii) Determined the student pilot is proficient in the maneuvers and

procedures prescribed in this section;

(iii) Determined the student pilot is proficient in the make and model of

aircraft to be flown;

(iv) Ensured that the student pilot's certificate has been endorsed by an

instructor authorized to provide flight training for the specific make and

model aircraft to be flown; and

(v) Endorsed the student pilot's logbook for the specific make and model

aircraft to be flown, and that endorsement remains current for solo flight

privileges, provided an authorized instructor updates the student's logbook

every 90 days thereafter.

(2) The flight training required by this section must be given by an

instructor authorized to provide flight training who is appropriately rated

and current.

 

Sec. 61.89 General limitations.

(a) A student pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft:

(1) That is carrying a passenger;

(2) That is carrying property for compensation or hire;

(3) For compensation or hire;

(4) In furtherance of a business;

(5) On an international flight, except that a student pilot may make solo

training flights from Haines, Gustavus, or Juneau, Alaska, to White Horse,

Yukon, Canada, and return over the province of British Columbia;

(6) With a flight or surface visibility of less than 3 statute miles during

daylight hours or 5 statute miles at night;

(7) When the flight cannot be made with visual reference to the surface; or

(8) In a manner contrary to any limitations placed in the pilot's logbook

by an authorized instructor.

(b) A student pilot may not act as a required pilot flight crewmember on

any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by the type

certificate of the aircraft or regulations under which the flight is

conducted, except when receiving flight training from an authorized

instructor on board an airship, and no person other than a required flight

crewmember is carried on the aircraft.

 

Sec. 61.93 Solo cross-country flight requirements.

(a) General. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a

student pilot must meet the requirements of this section before--

(i) Conducting a solo cross-country flight, or any flight greater than 25

nautical miles from the airport from where the flight originated.

(ii) Making a solo flight and landing at any location other than the

airport of origination.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a student pilot

who seeks solo cross-country flight privileges must:

(i) Have received flight training from an instructor authorized to provide

flight training on the maneuvers and procedures of this section that are

appropriate to the make and model of aircraft for which solo cross-country

privileges are sought;

(ii) Have demonstrated cross-country proficiency on the appropriate

maneuvers and procedures of this section to an authorized instructor;

(iii) Have satisfactorily accomplished the pre-solo flight maneuvers and

procedures required by Sec. 61.87 of this part in the make and model of

aircraft or similar make and model of aircraft for which solo cross-country

privileges are sought; and

(iv) Comply with any limitations included in the instructor's endorsement

that are required by paragraph (c) of this section.

(3) A student pilot who seeks solo cross-country flight privileges must

have received ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on the

cross-country maneuvers and procedures listed in this section that are

appropriate to the aircraft to be flown.

(b) Authorization to perform certain solo flights and cross-country

flights. A student pilot must obtain an endorsement from an authorized

instructor to make solo flights from the airport where the student pilot

normally receives training to another location. A student pilot who receives

this endorsement must comply with the requirements of this paragraph.

(1) Solo flights may be made to another airport that is within 25 nautical

miles from the airport where the student pilot normally receives training,

provided--

(i) An authorized instructor has given the student pilot flight training at

the other airport, and that training includes flight in both directions over

the route, entering and exiting the traffic pattern, and takeoffs and

landings at the other airport;

(ii) The instructor who gave the training endorses the student pilot's

logbook authorizing the flight;

(iii) The student pilot has current solo flight endorsements in accordance

with Sec. 61.87 of this part;

(iv) The instructor has determined that the student pilot is proficient to

make the flight; and

(v) The purpose of the flight is to practice takeoffs and landings at that

other airport.

(2) Repeated specific solo cross-country flights may be made to another

airport that is within 50 nautical miles of the airport from which the flight

originated, provided--

(i) The authorized instructor has given the student flight training in both

directions over the route, including entering and exiting the traffic

patterns, takeoffs, and landings at the airports to be used;

(ii) The instructor who gave the training has endorsed the student's

logbook certifying that the student is proficient to make such flights;

(iii) The student has current solo flight endorsements in accordance with

Sec. 61.87 of this part; and

(iv) The student has current solo cross-country flight endorsements in

accordance with paragraph (c) of this section; however, for repeated solo

cross-country flights to another airport within 50 nautical miles from which

the flight originated, separate endorsements are not required to be made for

each flight.

(c) Endorsements for solo cross-country flights. Except as specified in

paragraph (b)(2) of this section, a student pilot must have the endorsements

prescribed in this paragraph for each cross-country flight:

(1) Student pilot certificate endorsement. A student pilot must have a solo

cross-country endorsement from the authorized instructor who conducted the

training, and that endorsement must be placed on that person's student pilot

certificate for the specific category of aircraft to be flown.

(2) Logbook endorsement. (i) A student pilot must have a solo cross-country

endorsement from an authorized instructor that is placed in the student

pilot's logbook for the specific make and model of aircraft to be flown.

(ii) A certificated pilot who is receiving training for an additional

aircraft category and class rating must have an endorsement from an

authorized instructor that is placed in the student pilot's logbook for the

specific make and model of aircraft to be flown.

(iii) For each cross-country flight, the authorized instructor who reviews

the cross-country planning must make an endorsement in the person's logbook

after reviewing that person's cross-country planning, as specified in

paragraph (d) of this section. The endorsement must--

(A) Specify the make and model of aircraft to be flown;

(B) State that the student's preflight planning and preparation is correct

and that the student is prepared to make the flight safely under the known

conditions; and

(C) State that any limitations required by the student's instructor are

met.

(d) Limitations on authorized instructors to permit solo cross-country

flights. An authorized instructor may not permit a student pilot to conduct a

solo cross-country flight unless that instructor has:

(1) Determined that the student's cross-country planning is correct for the

flight;

(2) Reviewed the current and forecast weather conditions and has determined

that the flight can be completed under VFR;

(3) Determined that the student is proficient to conduct the flight safely;

(4) Determined that the student has the appropriate solo cross-country

endorsement for the make and model of aircraft to be flown; and

(5) Determined that the student's solo flight endorsement is current for

the make and model aircraft to be flown.

(e) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a single-

engine airplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country

flight in a single-engine airplane must receive and log flight training in

the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and dead

reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts,

including recognition of critical weather situations and estimating

visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures;

(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area arrival,

entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;

(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake

turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of hazardous

terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will

be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed in the

aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper operational

procedures and indications;

(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications;

(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures, including short-field,

soft-field, and crosswind takeoffs, approaches, and landings;

(11) Climbs at best angle and best rate; and

(12) Control and maneuvering solely by reference to flight instruments,

including straight and level flight, turns, descents, climbs, use of radio

aids, and ATC directives.

(f) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a

multiengine airplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-

country flight in a multiengine airplane must receive and log flight training

in the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and dead

reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts,

including recognition of critical weather situations and estimating

visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures;

(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area arrival,

entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;

(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake

turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of hazardous

terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will

be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed in the

aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper operational

procedures and indications;

(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications;

(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures, including short-field,

soft-field, and crosswind takeoffs, approaches, and landings;

(11) Climbs at best angle and best rate; and

(12) Control and maneuvering solely by reference to flight instruments,

including straight and level flight, turns, descents, climbs, use of radio

aids, and ATC directives.

(g) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a

helicopter. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country

flight in a helicopter must receive and log flight training for the following

maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and dead

reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts,

including recognition of critical weather situations and estimating

visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures;

(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area arrival,

entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;

(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake

turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of hazardous

terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will

be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed in the

aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper operational

procedures and indications;

(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications; and

(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures.

(h) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a

gyroplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country flight

in a gyroplane must receive and log flight training in the following

maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and dead

reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts,

including recognition of critical weather situations and estimating

visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures;

(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area arrival,

entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;

(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake

turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of hazardous

terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will

be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed in the

aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper operational

procedures and indications;

(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications; and

(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures, including short-field and

soft-field takeoffs, approaches, and landings.

(i) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a

powered-lift. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country

flight training in a powered-lift must receive and log flight training in the

following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and dead

reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts,

including recognition of critical weather situations and estimating

visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures;

(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area arrival,

entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;

(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake

turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of hazardous

terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will

be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed in the

aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper operational

procedures and indications;

(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications;

(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures that include high-altitude,

steep, and shallow takeoffs, approaches, and landings; and

(11) Control and maneuvering solely by reference to flight instruments,

including straight and level flight, turns, descents, climbs, use of radio

aids, and ATC directives.

(j) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a glider.

A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country flight in a

glider must receive and log flight training in the following maneuvers and

procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and dead

reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts,

including recognition of critical weather situations and estimating

visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures;

(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area arrival,

entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;

(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake

turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of hazardous

terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will

be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed in the

aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper operational

procedures and indications;

(9) Landings accomplished without the use of the altimeter from at least

2,000 feet above the surface; and

(10) Recognition of weather and upper air conditions favorable for cross-

country soaring, ascending and descending flight, and altitude control.

(k) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in an

airship. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country flight

in an airship must receive and log flight training for the following

maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and dead

reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts,

including recognition of critical weather situations and estimating

visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures;

(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area arrival,

entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;

(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake

turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of hazardous

terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will

be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed in the

aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper operational

procedures and indications;

(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications;

(10) Control of air pressure with regard to ascending and descending flight

and altitude control;

(11) Control of the airship solely by reference to flight instruments; and

(12) Recognition of weather and upper air conditions conducive for the

direction of cross-country flight.

 

Sec. 61.95 Operations in Class B airspace and at airports located within

Class B airspace.

(a) A student pilot may not operate an aircraft on a solo flight in Class B

airspace unless:

(1) The student pilot has received both ground and flight training from an

authorized instructor on that Class B airspace area, and the flight training

was received in the specific Class B airspace area for which solo flight is

authorized;

(2) The logbook of that student pilot has been endorsed by the instructor

who gave the student pilot flight training, and the endorsement is dated

within the 90-day period preceding the date of the flight in that Class B

airspace area; and

(3) The logbook endorsement specifies that the student pilot has received

the required ground and flight training, and has been found proficient to

conduct solo flight in that specific Class B airspace area.

(b) A student pilot may not operate an aircraft on a solo flight to, from,

or at an airport located within Class B airspace pursuant to Sec. 91.131(b)

of this chapter unless:

(1) The student pilot has received both ground and flight training from an

instructor authorized to provide training to operate at that airport, and the

flight and ground training has been received at the specific airport for

which the solo flight is authorized;

(2) The logbook of that student pilot has been endorsed by an authorized

instructor who gave the student pilot flight training, and the endorsement is

dated within the 90-day period preceding the date of the flight at that

airport; and

(3) The logbook endorsement specifies that the student pilot has received

the required ground and flight training, and has been found proficient to

conduct solo flight operations at that specific airport.

14 CFR Index | 14 CFR 61 Index | Private Pilot - Airplane