Attitude is the most important factor contributing to survival in a disaster situation.


In survival situations, panic is among the top reason why people get killed.


In a survival situation, in most cases after landing you should stay by the aircraft


If you are attempting to walk to safety, you should walk slowly and rest for about 15 minutes of each hour.


When walking down a steep slope you should zigzag instead of walking straight down to use less energy.


When walking for an extended period of time you should hold on to your pack straps or shoulder seams so your hands and arms won't swell. If three people are walking together, the pace should be set by the slowest person.


During a resting period between walks, if possible, you should remove shoes, change socks, and elevate your feet.


If a blister forms on your foot, wash it, drain it, and cover it with a bandage.


It would be a good idea to use dry grass or leaves for insulation when wearing loosely laced shoes or boots


When the temperature is below 0 degrees C and your socks get wet, you should dry them by taking them off, allowing them to freeze, and knocking out the frost.


During periods of very bad weather it is a good idea to seal off one end of the tent by tying it shut.


Your downed aircraft would be the most suitable choice for immediate shelter once in a survival situation.


Sinking deeper into the quicksand is caused by struggling to get out.

When rationing food, you should estimate a reasonable rescue time and ration
2/3 of your food for half that time and the remaining 1/3 for the second half of the time.


In the event that an injured person is left at the campsite while another leaves to get help, the injured person should be left with 1/3 of the food.


Foods derived from animals have much more food value per pound than those derived from plants but are much more difficult to obtain.


For animals with scent glands, you should have the glands and hair removed before you cook or eat them.


Fresh bird eggs are among the safest of foods.


To capture partridge in northern areas, at dusk you should look for the sleeping birds:
In small holes in snow drifts.


In regard to snakes as food, they are edible; you should remove the head of poisonous varieties & burn it to avoid accidental contact.


Which of the following types of insects include poisonous varieties and thus should not be eaten hairy caterpillars.


When fishing during the heat of the summer, you should fish in deep water.


The best time to trap an animal is from dusk to dawn.


To make meat into jerky, you should let it dry in the sun for two to four days.


After landing your aircraft and finding temporary shelter, your first concern should be water.


For average conditions, or even in cold weather, the body needs at least two quarts of water each day.


At temperatures above 90 degrees F you will probably suffer fatal consequences if you experience 25 percent dehydration.


Ice cold water could give you cramps if you drink it too quickly.


If dehydration reaches 6 to 10 percent of your body weight, you may notice your skin turning a slightly blue color.


If you are low on water, pebbles or gum will help, and do no harm if put in your mouth


Alcoholic beverages will accelerate dehydration.


Carbohydrates (hard candy, fruit bars) should be eaten if you are low on water


When trying to find water, remember that quail will fly away from water in the morning and toward water in the late afternoon.


Limestone and lava types of rock have more and larger springs for obtaining water than any other types of rock.



Runoff water found above the water table in streams, stagnant pools, and bogs should be considered contaminated and dangerous even if it is away from human habitation.


Berries will help prevent dehydration, but you should not eat berries that are:
Green or white or taste bitter.


A water still will produce about half as much water from 4 p.m. to 8 a.m. as it will during the daylight hours.


Odors may be removed from water by adding charcoal to boiling water.


If using tincture of iodine for purifying water, you should add two drops to each quart of clear water.


The first thing you should do in preparation for building a fire is clear the ground in the area you will build it.


A "Dakota" fire is prepared for use in high winds by digging a hole for your fire, then dig a tunnel from the fire to another hole for the fire to get air.


A bed of hot coals provides the best cooking heat.


To lay a fire in a "leanto" fashion, you should first put a stick into the ground:
At an angle that points the top of the stick into the wind.

If it is extremely cold, you should build:
A series of small fires built in a circle around you.

Which of the following is true of the flint and steel method of starting a fire without matches?
Flint, quartz, or other hard rock may be used with a knife blade or other small piece of steel or iron.

You can start a fire with live flashlight batteries and steel wool.


To get maximum warmth from your fire you should build it:
Against a rock or wall of logs.


In closed shelters in which a fire is burning, you should provide good ventilation.


Gasoline should only be poured on the fuel for a fire before it is lighted.


A fire be made to last overnight by placing large logs on fire; when bed of coals forms, cover lightly with ashes and then dry earth.


Both animal fat or animal bone can be used for fuel.



What is the most effective method of signaling?
Signal fires.


The appropriate procedure for building signal fires is to build:
Three fires that are all separated by an equal distance.


How can you get your fire to emit black smoke?
Add oil or rubber.

What is the Morse Code for the number 1?
Dot dash dash dash dash.



When using a flag to send Morse Code, you should wave the flag:
To your left for a dash and to your right for a dot.



F is the ground-air emergency code for the message "Require Food and Water"


Raising both arms straight up over your head is the body signal for the message "Pick Me Up"


When signaling with a firearm, you should fire once, wait ten seconds, fire again, wait five seconds, then fire a third time.


The aircraft should be avoided as a shelter during the day in the desert.


When constructing a shelter from cloth in the desert, remember that it will be most cool inside if you use 2 layers of cloth separated by several inches of air space.


A flare can be constructed from a tin can filled with gasoline and sand.


During the day in the desert, ground temperature can be greater than the temperature a foot off the ground by as much as 30 degrees F.



During the day in the desert, your clothing should consist of long pants and a shirt with sleeves rolled down, plus a head and neck covering.


When you are low on water in the desert, you should keep your mouth closed and breathe
through your nose; cover lips with grease or oil.


Moisture may be obtained most efficiently from the barrel cactus by chewing on the pitch, making sure not to swallow it.


All varieties of cactus fruit are edible.


The cereus plant, which looks like a clump of sticks, has a root which may be eaten and is high in moisture.


When going to sleep in extreme cold it is false that you could freeze to death without waking.


About 50 percent more fuel and time are required to obtain a given amount of water from snow than ice.


For treating frostbite warm the affected area with a warm part of the body or by holding it in lukewarm water or warmed cloths.


Sound does not carry well through snow.


A ridge top near a cold lake would make a good campsite in the Arctic in the summer.


In the Arctic in winter, a good campsite would be in timber.

During the winter in the Arctic, lubricants and rust prevention compounds should be:
Completely removed from your firearms.


During winter in the Arctic, firearms should be stored outdoors or in an unheated shelter.


During winter in the Arctic, you should wear clothing loosely.


If you fall in water in the Arctic, you should roll in dry snow to soak up moisture, stopping occasionally to brush off snow.


For cold weather clothing, jeans (denim pants) are useless.


At 40 degrees F, if you do not wear a hat, you can lose 50 percent of the body's heat production.


Shivering is the first sign that a person is developing hypothermia.


Clean clothes are better insulators than dirty clothes



After ditching your aircraft and inflating raft(s), if there is more than one raft, you should tie rafts together with about 25 feet of line.


If you have an emergency transceiver while in a survival situation at sea, you should use it only when aircraft are known to be in the area.


When in a survival situation at sea, you should exercise mildly to restore circulation.


In regard to exposure in warm oceans, the most important factor is protection from the sun.


The air chambers on the raft should be kept well rounded; not drum tight.


During a storm while in a raft, the heaviest people should be seated in the center.


Leaks in a raft are most likely to occur at valves, seams, and on underwater surfaces


When using sea marker for signaling from a raft, remember that these spots of dye (in normal sea conditions) stay conspicuous for about 3 hours.


A pilot in an aircraft will be able to see the flash you create with a mirror, on a hazy day, before you in your raft can sight the aircraft.


If you are seasick in a raft, you should lie down, change your head's position, and refrain from eating or drinking.


Salt water sores should be kept dry.


If you have de-salting kits and sun stills on your raft, the de-salting kits should be used:
Only for immediate needs or when sun stills are ineffective due to long periods of overcast skies.


Reflecting moonlight onto the water with a mirror, or shining a flashlight there, is a good way to attract fish at night.


On rough seas, when two rafts are tied together, you should rig a sea anchor to the stern of the second raft.


Compasses should be kept away from metal such as steel or iron.


When using a compass you should remember that true north is different from magnetic north by a number of degrees that is determined by your location.


When walking on level ground at a fast pace, you are traveling at approximately three miles per hour.


In the northern hemisphere, a north-south line can be determined on a watch by pointing the hour hand toward the sun and drawing an imaginary line midway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock (Standard Time).


Utilizing the sun's shadow, north can be determined by placing a stick at the center of a watch and holding the stick so that its shadow falls along the hour hand. Half the distance between the shadow and 12:00 is North.


The North Star (Polaris) is the only star that does not appear to move in the sky.


If you put a 4 foot stick in the ground, mark the tip of its shadow, wait 15 minutes, then mark the tip of its shadow again and draw a line from the first to the second mark you made, the line will be pointing east.


The tips of evergreen trees generally point approximately east.


If you are using a star close to the horizon to guide you at night, you should use a new star or adjust your direction (to account for sky rotation) approximately every 10 minutes.


The phenomena known as "mirages" are caused by heat and high evaporation rates in desert areas.

If, when traveling, you can't decide which way to go or what to do, you should stay where you are.


Slow burning hardwood with moistened hardwood chips should be used for the best smoke production and flavor when smoking meats.
 

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