If you are stung by an insect, you should:  
Answer :   Carefully scrape the site using a blade or a card.  

 
Which of the following most accurately describes a person's condition after being bitten by a poisonous snake?  
Answer :   A noticeable bite on the skin, pain and swelling in the area of the bite, labored breathing, nausea.  


When treating a snakebite, what is one method that should never be conducted?  
Answer :   Suck the venom from the wound with your mouth 


When caring for a snakebite always apply ice immediately if it is available.  
Answer :   False.  

What is the first step of the ABC checklist?  
Answer :   Free the airway 


If a person has an obstructed airway and is not breathing but is conscious, you should:  
Answer :   Ask "Are you choking?". 


The one rescuer CPR series is comprised of:  
Answer :   15 compressions/2 ventilations. 


Blood loss is life threatening if the loss is:  
Answer :   One or more quarts. 


The priority action for treating an open wound should be to:  
Answer :   Control bleeding.  


If forced to tie on a tourniquet to stop severe bleeding, loosening of the tourniquet should be accomplished:  
Answer :   By a doctor as soon as you are able to get to one.  


nternal bleeding:  
Answer :   Is not easily recognized. 


Which is a not a sign or symptom of shock?  
Answer :   Sunken eyes. 


When treating a victim for shock, elevate the feet:  
Answer :   Unless the victim has a head injury.  


A shock victim should not lie down if he:  
Answer :   All of the answers are correct.  


Do not move an injured person:  
Answer :   Unless they are in danger of further injury.  


Which of the following would be a desired remedy for accidental poisoning?  
Answer :   Drinking water or milk. 


When blisters form on the skin from burning, the treatment should:  
Answer :   Keep the blisters from breaking and becoming open wounds that might become infected.  


If someone experiences third degree burns, you should:  
Answer :   Treat the victim for shock and you should not remove any clothing.  


Sunburn may be painful if encountered, but can do no damage worth serious consideration.  
Answer :   False.  


Wet feet should be avoided due to harmful effects (resembling frostbite) at:  
Answer :   Even moderate temperatures.  


Illness caused by exhaustion, cold weather, and exposure is called:  
Answer :   Hypothermia 


Heat exhaustion is caused by:  
Answer :   An excessive loss of water and salt.  


Frost bite should be treated by:  
Answer :   Rewarming the affected area.  

What should be the first step in  treating a compound fracture of the  leg? 
Answer : Treat the patient for shock. 

If you sprain your ankle, you  should: 
Answer : Leave your shoe on and wrap a cloth around your foot and ankle for support. 

When treating a limb injury,: 
Answer : Always suspect a fracture and, if in doubt, splint. 

When treating a severe eye injury,: 
Answer : If possible, also cover the other eye to minimize movement of the affected eye. 

1. Hyperventilation is a condition  that leads to: 
Answer : An abnormal loss of carbon dioxide. 

2. Which could cause hyperventilation? 
Answer : All of the answers are correct. 

3. The excessive loss of carbon  dioxide produces: 
Answer : An alkalotic state. 

4. Which symptom of hyperventilation  can be both subjective and  objective? 
Answer : Rapid breathing. 

5. Which of these can be a treatment for hyperventilation? 
Answer : A controlled rate of breathing.

6. How can hyperventilation be  prevented? 
Answer : By constant use of the pause breathing method. 


1. What is the most important cause of SDO (Spatial Disorientation)? 
Answer : A conflict between the focal and ambient modes of the visual system. 

2. The motion and gravity detecting organs are: 
Answer : The vestibular system.

3. It is normal for pilots to believe their aircraft "talks" to them. This belief: 
Answer : Enables much valuable information on aircraft performance and response to be received. 

4. You are kept oriented without "thinking" about it by the: 
Answer : Ambient visual mode. 


5. The focal visual mode can keep you oriented but it requires: 
Answer : All of the answers are correct. 


6. What is the focal mode visual field? 
Answer : Between 2 and 6 degrees. 

7. In regard to attention allocation, the ambient visual mode is: 
Answer : Fast in information processing. 

8. What are the three basic elements which lead to disorientation mishaps? 
Answer : Distraction, time, and illusion. 

9. The "Giant Hand" perception can occur during: 
Answer : Incapacitating disorientation. 

10. What do incapacitating and recognized disorientation have in common? 
Answer : The pilot is aware it is occurring. 

1. A key element for occurrence of  unrecognized disorientation is  distraction during IMC: 
Answer : In an aircraft that doesn’t "talk" to the pilot. 

What is the most dangerous vestibular illusion?  
Answer :   Coriolis.  

The nystagmus illusion:  
Answer :   Almost always follows coriolis illusion. 


The Giant Hand Phenomenon can occur:  
Answer :   After a steep banked turn or the coriolis illusion.  


The graveyard spin/spiral illusion occurs:  
Answer :   In IMC after a rotary motion of longer than 20 seconds is stopped.  


A somotogravic illusion is most probable:  
Answer :   All of the answers are correct 


What is the best prevention of a visual illusion?  
Answer :   Anticipation. 


Haze, fog, dust, and smoke can:  
Answer :   Make runways appear further away.  


If there is a lack of distant objects on which to focus,:  
Answer :   Space myopia may occur.  


Landing illusions are reduced by:  
Answer :   Standardization of lighting at all fields.  


Which is a protective measure to prevent flicker vertigo?  
Answer :   Turn off the anti-collision light when possible in weather.  


Low level cockpit lighting:  
Answer :   Increases the ability to dark adapt and see outside the aircraft 


Cockpit design can be a factor in spatial disorientation. Why should the airspeed, altitude, attitude, and heading indicators be clustered?  
Answer :   So they can be crosschecked with only eye movement.  


Frequent transitions from VMC to IMC are dangerous. Each transition can easily take:  
Answer :   10 seconds or longer.  


If SDO occurs during IMC, the key to recovery is:  
Answer :   Highly disciplined instrument crosscheck.  


When using the autopilot during recovery from SDO,:  
Answer :   Keep flying the aircraft mentally and watch the gages as the autopilot makes the recovery. 


Motion sickness:  
Answer :   Can result after a severe SDO incident.  


Motion sickness symptoms include:  
Answer :   Apathy.  


Motion sickness susceptibility decreases:  
Answer :   With good outside references.  


Which type of hypoxia is caused by a drop of oxygen pressure in the lungs?  
Answer :   Hypoxic hypoxia.  


What is the approximate percentage of oxygen in air?  
Answer :   21%.  


Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures states that the total pressure of a given mixture of gases is:  
Answer :   Equal to the sum of its partial pressures.  


At 10,000 feet the partial pressure of:  
Answer :   Oxygen is only 68% of what it is at sea level.  


Differences in partial pressures between two vessels separated by a permeable barrier will:  
Answer :   Equilibrate as a result of gaseous diffusion.  


Respiration has four distinct subprocesses. The movement of the chest and lungs to move air in and out of the lungs is referred to as:  
Answer :   Breathing.  


Where is external respiration accomplished?  
Answer :   The alveoli.  


The lungs provide a surface area for gas exchange of:  
Answer :   700 to 800 square feet.  


Oxygen combines with hemoglobin in red blood cells in the blood to form oxyhemoglobin. This process is called:  
Answer :   Saturation.  


Which condition would result in a reduction of the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood?  
Answer :   Sickle cell anemia.  


Carbon monoxide:  
Answer :   Has a 200 times greater affinity for combining with hemoglobin than does oxygen.  


Alcohol poisoning can result in histotoxic hypoxia by:  
Answer :   Preventing the tissues from reacting with molecular oxygen.  


When could blood pooling, a cause of stagnant hypoxia, occur?  
Answer :   All of the answers are correct.  


Which is a subjective symptom of hypoxia?  
Answer :   Tunnel vision.  


Which is an objective symptom of hypoxia?  
Answer :   Poor muscular coordination.  


Chances are that it's too late to do anything to help yourself by the time which subjective symptom of hypoxia is exhibited?  
Answer :   Euphoria.  


Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin, most noticeable in the early stages around the:  
Answer :   Lips.  


In terms of altitude and arterial saturation, hypoxia:  
Answer :   Has been described as a four stage process.  


During the indifferent stage of hypoxia, between zero and 10,000 feet, the only demonstrable adverse effect is:  
Answer :   On dark adaptation.  


Between 10,000 and 15,000 feet a decreasing oxygen supply produces a gradual increase in the heart rate. This occurs during the:  
Answer :   Compensatory stage.  


In addition to the increased cardiac output during the disturbance stage, the:  
Answer :   Body seems to redistribute blood to those organs most sensitive to oxygen deficit.  


Hypoxia generally becomes evident at about:  
Answer :   15,000 feet.  


At 20,000 feet the period of useful consciousness is:  
Answer :   15 to 20 minutes.  


 The critical stage of hypoxia is the stage in which:  
Answer :   Consciousness is lost almost immediately.  


What is the most important individual difference in tolerance to hypoxia?  
Answer :   Acclimatization over a long period of time to living at high altitudes.  


Physical fitness can improve your tolerance to hypoxia. Which is particularly beneficial?  
Answer :   Aerobic exercises.  


All other things being equal,:  
Answer :   Oxygen requirements increase as the environmental temperature increases.  


Under circumstances of rapid decompression, the time of useful consciousness is reduced:  
Answer :   By about 1/3.  


What is the time of useful consciousness at 43,000 feet?  
Answer :   15 seconds or less.  


What is the first of the five steps for treating hypoxia?  
Answer :   Go to 100% oxygen.  


When remedying hypoxia, check your oxygen equipment to see that it is functioning correctly. Check:  
Answer :   All of the answers are correct 


The remedy for hypoxia requires that you:  
Answer :   Use the pause breathing method.  


The "general rule" for oxygen usage is that all occupants must be provided with supplemental oxygen on flights in which the cabin altitude exceeds:  
Answer :   15,000 feet.  


Flights of no more than 30 minutes duration without oxygen for the minimum flight crew can be flown up to:  
Answer :   14,000 feet cabin altitude.  


Altitude hypoxia occurs whenever the inspired air drops below the pressure required for keeping:  
Answer :   87% of the blood saturated with oxygen.  


According to Boyle's Law,:  
Answer :   Gases trapped in body cavities expand as altitude increases.  


An inflight ear block can occur:  
Answer :   If the lower orifice of the eustachian tube fails to function adequately.  


An ear block is much more likely to occur:  
Answer :   On descent.  

Which is an accepted technique for  ventilating the ear on ascent? 
Answer : All of the answers are correct. 

To prevent an inflight ear block on descent, use the:  
Answer :   Valsalva maneuver.  


A sinus block is similar to an inflight ear block but: Answer :   Can occur only on descent.  


The recommended first step in treating a sinus block is to:  
Answer :   Ascend until the pain stops.  


What is the treatment for alleviating ascent related inflight tooth pain? 
Answer : Descend to the altitude of the departure airport. 

What is the treatment for alleviating ascent related inflight tooth pain?  
Answer :   Descend to site level.  


The treatment for alleviating  descent related inflight tooth  pain is identical to the treatment  for: 
Answer : A sinus block. 

Which should be avoided prior to  flight to reduce the problem of  gas expansion in the gastrointestinal tract? 
Answer : All of the answers are correct. 


The valsalva maneuver:  
Answer :   Can cause vertigo.  


Which is a byproduct of the large intestines during normal digestion?  
Answer :   Carbon dioxide.  


In the event of a rapid or explosive decompression, do NOT:  
Answer :   Attempt to hold your breath.  


"The amount of gas dissolved in solution is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution." is:  
Answer :   Henry's Law. 


Henry's Law is demonstrated in the occurrence of:  
Answer :   Decompression sickness.  


Under conditions of slow decompression (normal ascent),:  
Answer :   Excess nitrogen is vented off harmlessly by the lungs.  


4. What is the most common manifestation of decompression sickness? 
Answer : Bends. 


5. The symptom of bends, dull, aching pain in the bones or joints,: 
Answer : Usually subsides during descent. 

6. What is a symptom for paresthesia (creeps)? 
Answer : Numbness in localized areas of the skin. 


7. Chokes, as a manifestation of decompression sickness, are: 
Answer : Rare, but very dangerous. 

8. Type II decompression sickness results from nitrogen bubble formation affecting the: 
Answer : Central nervous system. 

9. What is the threshold altitude for the onset of decompression sickness? 
Answer : 18,000 ft.


10. Studies have shown that there is an approximately nine fold increase in liability to experience symptoms of DCS between the ages of: 
Answer : 17 to 20 and 27 to 29. 

11. Increased nitrogen content from scuba diving can result in DCS at altitudes as low as: 
Answer : 8000 feet.