- Excerpts
from 14 CFR Part 135
On-Demand Operations
-
14CFR 135 index
(a) Each certificate holder required to have a training program under Sec.
135.341 shall:
(1) Establish, obtain the appropriate initial and final approval of, and
provide a training program that meets this subpart and that ensures that each
crewmember, flight instructor, check airman, and each person assigned duties
for the carriage and handling of hazardous materials (as defined in 49 CFR
171.8) is adequately trained to perform their assigned duties.
(2) Provide adequate ground and flight training facilities and properly
qualified ground instructors for the training required by this subpart.
(3) Provide and keep current for each aircraft type used and, if
applicable, the particular variations within the aircraft type, appropriate
training material, examinations, forms, instructions, and procedures for use
in conducting the training and checks required by this subpart.
(4) Provide enough flight instructors, check airmen, and simulator
instructors to conduct required flight training and flight checks, and
simulator training courses allowed under this subpart.
(b) Whenever a crewmember who is required to take recurrent training under
this subpart completes the training in the calendar month before, or the
calendar month after, the month in which that training is required, the
crewmember is considered to have completed it in the calendar month in which
it was required.
(c) Each instructor, supervisor, or check airman who is responsible for a
particular ground training subject, segment of flight training, course of
training, flight check, or competence check under this part shall certify as
to the proficiency and knowledge of the crewmember, flight instructor, or
check airman concerned upon completion of that training or check. That
certification shall be made a part of the crewmember's record. When the
certification required by this paragraph is made by an entry in a
computerized recordkeeping system, the certifying instructor, supervisor, or
check airman, must be identified with that entry. However, the signature of
the certifying instructor, supervisor, or check airman, is not required for
computerized entries.
(d) Training subjects that apply to more than one aircraft or crewmember
position and that have been satisfactorily completed during previous training
while employed by the certificate holder for another aircraft or another
crewmember position, need not be repeated during subsequent training other
than recurrent training.
(e) Aircraft simulators and other training devices may be used in the
certificate holder's training program if approved by the Administrator.
(a) Other than the certificate holder, only another certificate holder
certificated under this part or a training center certificated under part 142
of this chapter is eligible under this subpart to provide training, testing,
and checking under contract or other arrangement to those persons subject to
the requirements of this subpart.
(b) A certificate holer may contract with, or otherwise arrange to use the
services of, a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter to
provide training, testing, and checking required by this part only if the
training center--
(1) Holds applicable training specifications issued under part 142 of this
chapter;
(2) Has facilities, training equipment, and courseware meeting the
applicable requirements of part 142 of this chapter;
(3) Has approved curriculums, curriculum segments, and portions of
curriculum segments applicable for use in training courses required by this
subpart; and
(4) Has sufficient instructor and check airmen qualified under the
applicable requirements of Secs. 135.337 through 135.340 to provide training,
testing, and checking to persons subject to the requirements of this subpart.
(a) To obtain initial and final approval of a training program, or a
revision to an approved training program, each certificate holder must submit
to the Administrator--
(1) An outline of the proposed or revised curriculum, that provides enough
information for a preliminary evaluation of the proposed training program or
revision; and
(2) Additional relevant information that may be requested by the
Administrator.
(b) If the proposed training program or revision complies with this
subpart, the Administrator grants initial approval in writing after which the
certificate holder may conduct the training under that program. The
Administrator then evaluates the effectiveness of the training program and
advises the certificate holder of deficiencies, if any, that must be
corrected.
(c) The Administrator grants final approval of the proposed training
program or revision if the certificate holder shows that the training
conducted under the initial approval in paragraph (b) of this section ensures
that each person who successfully completes the training is adequately
trained to perform that person's assigned duties.
(d) Whenever the Administrator finds that revisions are necessary for the
continued adequacy of a training program that has been granted final
approval, the certificate holder shall, after notification by the
Administrator, make any changes in the program that are found necessary by
the Administrator. Within 30 days after the certificate holder receives the
notice, it may file a petition to reconsider the notice with the
Administrator. The filing of a petition to reconsider stays the notice
pending a decision by the Administrator. However, if the Administrator finds
that there is an emergency that requires immediate action in the interest of
safety, the Administrator may, upon a statement of the reasons, require a
change effective without stay.
(a) Each certificate holder must prepare and keep current a written
training program curriculum for each type of aircraft for each crewmember
required for that type aircraft. The curriculum must include ground and
flight training required by this subpart.
(b) Each training program curriculum must include the following:
(1) A list of principal ground training subjects, including emergency
training subjects, that are provided.
(2) A list of all the training devices, mockups, systems trainers,
procedures trainers, or other training aids that the certificate holder will
use.
(3) Detailed descriptions or pictorial displays of the approved normal,
abnormal, and emergency maneuvers, procedures and functions that will be
performed during each flight training phase or flight check, indicating those
maneuvers, procedures and functions that are to be performed during the
inflight portions of flight training and flight checks.
(a) Each certificate holder must include in its training program the
following initial and transition ground training as appropriate to the
particular assignment of the crewmember:
(1) Basic indoctrination ground training for newly hired crewmembers
including instruction in at least the--
(i) Duties and responsibilities of crewmembers as applicable;
(ii) Appropriate provisions of this chapter;
(iii) Contents of the certificate holder's operating certificate and
operations specifications (not required for flight attendants); and
(iv) Appropriate portions of the certificate holder's operating manual.
(2) The initial and transition ground training in Secs. 135.345 and
135.349, as applicable.
(3) Emergency training in 135.331.
(b) Each training program must provide the initial and transition flight
training in 135.347, as applicable.
(c) Each training program must provide recurrent ground and flight training
in 135.351.
(d) Upgrade training in Secs. 135.345 and 135.347 for a particular type
aircraft may be included in the training program for crewmembers who have
qualified and served as second in command on that aircraft.
(e) In addition to initial, transition, upgrade and recurrent training,
each training program must provide ground and flight training, instruction,
and practice necessary to ensure that each crewmember--
(1) Remains adequately trained and currently proficient for each aircraft,
crewmember position, and type of operation in which the crewmember serves;
and
(2) Qualifies in new equipment, facilities, procedures, and techniques,
including modifications to aircraft.
(a) Each training program must provide emergency training under this
section for each aircraft type, model, and configuration, each crewmember,
and each kind of operation conducted, as appropriate for each crewmember and
the certificate holder.
(b) Emergency training must provide the following:
(1) Instruction in emergency assignments and procedures, including
coordination among crewmembers.
(2) Individual instruction in the location, function, and operation of
emergency equipment including--
(i) Equipment used in ditching and evacuation;
(ii) First aid equipment and its proper use; and
(iii) Portable fire extinguishers, with emphasis on the type of
extinguisher to be used on different classes of fires.
(3) Instruction in the handling of emergency situations including--
(i) Rapid decompression;
(ii) Fire in flight or on the surface and smoke control procedures with
emphasis on electrical equipment and related circuit breakers found in cabin
areas;
(iii) Ditching and evacuation;
(iv) Illness, injury, or other abnormal situations involving passengers or
crewmembers; and
(v) Hijacking and other unusual situations.
(4) Review of the certificate holder's previous aircraft accidents and
incidents involving actual emergency situations.
(c) Each crewmember must perform at least the following emergency drills,
using the proper emergency equipment and procedures, unless the Administrator
finds that, for a particular drill, the crewmember can be adequately trained
by demonstration:
(1) Ditching, if applicable.
(2) Emergency evacuation.
(3) Fire extinguishing and smoke control.
(4) Operation and use of emergency exits, including deployment and use of
evacuation chutes, if applicable.
(5) Use of crew and passenger oxygen.
(6) Removal of life rafts from the aircraft, inflation of the life rafts,
use of life lines, and boarding of passengers and crew, if applicable.
(7) Donning and inflation of life vests and the use of other individual
flotation devices, if applicable.
(d) Crewmembers who serve in operations above 25,000 feet must receive
instruction in the following:
(1) Respiration.
(2) Hypoxia.
(3) Duration of consciousness without supplemental oxygen at altitude.
(4) Gas expansion.
(5) Gas bubble formation.
(6) Physical phenomena and incidents of decompression.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, no certificate
holder may use any person to perform, and no person may perform, any assigned
duties and responsibilities for the handling or carriage of hazardous
materials (as defined in 49 CFR 171.8), unless within the preceding 12
calendar months that person has satisfactorily completed initial or recurrent
training in an appropriate training program established by the certificate
holder, which includes instruction regarding--
(1) The proper shipper certification, packaging, marking, labeling, and
documentation for hazardous materials; and
(2) The compatibility, loading, storage, and handling characteristics of
hazardous materials.
(b) Each certificate holder shall maintain a record of the satisfactory
completion of the initial and recurrent training given to crewmembers and
ground personnel who perform assigned duties and responsibilities for the
handling and carriage of hazardous materials.
(c) Each certificate holder that elects not to accept hazardous materials
shall ensure that each crewmember is adequately trained to recognize those
items classified as hazardous materials.
(d) If a certificate holder operates into or out of airports at which
trained employees or contract personnel are not available, it may use persons
not meeting the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section to
load, offload, or otherwise handle hazardous materials if these persons are
supervised by a crewmember who is qualified under paragraphs (a) and (b) of
this section.
(a) For the purposes of this section and 135.339:
(1) A check airman (aircraft) is a person who is qualified to conduct
flight checks in an aircraft, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training
device for a particular type aircraft.
(2) A check airman (simulator) is a person who is qualified to conduct
flight checks, but only in a flight simulator, in a flight training device,
or both, for a particular type aircraft.
(3) Check airmen (aircraft) and check airmen (simulator) are those check
airmen who perform the functions described in Secs. 135.321 (a) and
135.323(a)(4) and (c).
(b) No certificate holder may use a person, nor may any person serve as a
check airman (aircraft) in a training program established under this subpart
unless, with respect to the aircraft type involved, that person--
(1) Holds the airman certificates and ratings required to serve as a pilot
in command in operations under this part;
(2) Has satisfactorily completed the training phases for the aircraft,
including recurrent training, that are required to serve as a pilot in
command in operations under this part;
(3) Has satisfactorily completed the proficiency or competency checks that
are required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this part;
(4) Has satisfactorily completed the applicable training requirements of
135.339;
(5) Holds at least a Class III medical certificate unless serving as a
required crewmember, in which case holds a Class I or Class II medical
certificate as appropriate.
(6) Has satisfied the recency of experience requirements of 135.247;
and
(7) Has been approved by the Administrator for the check airman duties
involved.
(c) No certificate holder may use a person, nor may any person serve as a
check airman (simulator) in a training program established under this subpart
unless, with respect to the aircraft type involved, that person meets the
provisions of paragraph (b) of this section, or--
(1) Holds the applicable airman certificates and ratings, except medical
certificate, required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this
part;
(2) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate training phases for the
aircraft, including recurrent training, that are required to serve as a pilot
in command in operations under this part;
(3) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate proficiency or competency
checks that are required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under
this part;
(4) Has satisfactorily completed the applicable training requirements of
135.339; and
(5) Has been approved by the Administrator for the check airman (simulator)
duties involved.
(d) Completion of the requirements in paragraphs (b) (2), (3), and (4) or
(c) (2), (3), and (4) of this section, as applicable, shall be entered in the
individual's training record maintained by the certificate holder.
(e) Check airmen who do not hold an appropriate medical certificate may
function as check airmen (simulator), but may not serve as flightcrew members
in operations under this part.
(f) A check airman (simulator) must accomplish the following--
(1) Fly at least two flight segments as a required crewmember for the type,
class, or category aircraft involved within the 12-month preceding the
performance of any check airman duty in a flight simulator; or
(2) Satisfactorily complete an approved line-observation program within the
period prescribed by that program and that must precede the performance of
any check airman duty in a flight simulator.
(g) The flight segments or line-observation program required in paragraph
(f) of this section are considered to be completed in the month required if
completed in the calendar month before or the calender month after the month
in which they are due.
(a) For the purposes of this section and 135.340:
(1) A flight instructor (aircraft) is a person who is qualified to instruct
in an aircraft, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device for a
particular type, class, or category aircraft.
(2) A flight instructor (simulator) is a person who is qualified to
instruct in a flight simulator, in a flight training device, or in both, for
a particular type, class, or category aircraft.
(3) Flight instructors (aircraft) and flight instructors (simulator) are
those instructors who perform the functions described in 135.321(a) and
135.323 (a)(4) and (c).
(b) No certificate holder may use a person, nor may any person serve as a
flight instructor (aircraft) in a training program established under this
subpart unless, with respect to the type, class, or category aircraft
involved, that person--
(1) Holds the airman certificates and ratings required to serve as a pilot
in command in operations under this part;
(2) Has satisfactorily completed the training phases for the aircraft,
including recurrent training, that are required to serve as a pilot in
command in operations under this part;
(3) Has satisfactorily completed the proficiency or competency checks that
are required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this part;
(4) Has satisfactorily completed the applicable training requirements of
135.340;
(5) Holds at least a Class III medical certificate; and
(6) Has satisfied the recency of experience requirements of 135.247.
(c) No certificate holder may use a person, nor may any person serve as a
flight instructor (simulator) in a training program established under this
subpart, unless, with respect to the type, class, or category aircraft
involved, that person meets the provisions of paragraph (b) of this section,
or--
(1) Holds the airman certificates and ratings, except medical certificate,
required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this part except
before March 19, 1997 that person need not hold a type rating for the type,
class, or category of aircraft involved.
(2) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate training phases for the
aircraft, including recurrent training, that are required to serve as a pilot
in command in operations under this part;
(3) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate proficiency or competency
checks that are required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under
this part; and
(4) Has satisfactorily completed the applicable training requirements of
135.340.
(d) Completion of the requirements in paragraphs (b) (2), (3), and (4) or
(c) (2), (3), and (4) of this section, as applicable, shall be entered in the
individual's training record maintained by the certificate holder.
(e) An airman who does not hold a medical certificate may function as a
flight instructor in an aircraft if functioning as a non-required crewmember,
but may not serve as a flightcrew member in operations under this part.
(f) A flight instructor (simulator) must accomplish the following--
(1) Fly at least two flight segments as a required crewmember for the type,
class, or category aircraft involved within the 12-month period preceding the
performance of any flight instructor duty in a flight simulator; or
(2) Satisfactorily complete an approved line-observation program within the
period prescribed by that program and that must precede the performance of
any check airman duty in a flight simulator.
(g) The flight segments or line-observation program required in paragraph
(f) of this section are considered completed in the month required if
completed in the calendar month before, or in the calendar month after, the
month in which they are due.
(a) No certificate holder may use a person nor may any person serve as a
check airman unless--
(1) That person has satisfactorily completed initial or transition check
airman training; and
(2) Within the preceding 24 calendar months, that person satisfactorily
conducts a proficiency or competency check under the observation of an FAA
inspector or an aircrew designated examiner employed by the operator. The
observation check may be accomplished in part or in full in an aircraft, in a
flight simulator, or in a flight training device. This paragraph applies
after March 19, 1997.
(b) The observation check required by paragraph (a)(2) of this section is
considered to have been completed in the month required if completed in the
calendar month before or the calendar month after the month in which it is
due.
(c) The initial ground training for check airmen must include the
following:
(1) Check airman duties, functions, and responsibilities.
(2) The applicable Code of Federal Regulations and the certificate holder's
policies and procedures.
(3) The applicable methods, procedures, and techniques for conducting the
required checks.
(4) Proper evaluation of student performance including the detection of--
(i) Improper and insufficient training; and
(ii) Personal characteristics of an applicant that could adversely affect
safety.
(5) The corrective action in the case of unsatisfactory checks.
(6) The approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the
required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures in the aircraft.
(d) The transition ground training for check airmen must include the
approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the required
normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures applicable to the aircraft to
which the check airman is in transition.
(e) The initial and transition flight training for check airmen (aircraft)
must include the following--
(1) The safety measures for emergency situations that are likely to develop
during a check;
(2) The potential results of improper, untimely, or nonexecution of safety
measures during a check;
(3) Training and practice in conducting flight checks from the left and
right pilot seats in the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures
to ensure competence to conduct the pilot flight checks required by this
part; and
(4) The safety measures to be taken from either pilot seat for emergency
situations that are likely to develop during checking.
(f) The requirements of paragraph (e) of this section may be accomplished
in full or in part in flight, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training
device, as appropriate.
(g) The initial and transition flight training for check airmen (simulator)
must include the following:
(1) Training and practice in conducting flight checks in the required
normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures to ensure competence to conduct
the flight checks required by this part. This training and practice must be
accomplished in a flight simulator or in a flight training device.
(2) Training in the operation of flight simulators, flight training
devices, or both, to ensure competence to conduct the flight checks required
by this part.
(a) No certificate holder may use a person nor may any person serve as a
flight instructor unless--
(1) That person has satisfactorily completed initial or transition flight
instructor training; and
(2) Within the preceding 24 calendar months, that person satisfactorily
conducts instruction under the observation of an FAA inspector, an operator
check airman, or an aircrew designated examiner employed by the operator. The
observation check may be accomplished in part or in full in an aircraft, in a
flight simulator, or in a flight training device. This paragraph applies
after March 19, 1997.
(b) The observation check required by paragraph (a)(2) of this section is
considered to have been completed in the month required if completed in the
calendar month before, or the calendar month after, the month in which it is
due.
(c) The initial ground training for flight instructors must include the
following:
(1) Flight instructor duties, functions, and responsibilities.
(2) The applicable Code of Federal Regulations and the certificate holder's
policies and procedures.
(3) The applicable methods, procedures, and techniques for conducting
flight instruction.
(4) Proper evaluation of student performance including the detection of--
(i) Improper and insufficient training; and
(ii) Personal characteristics of an applicant that could adversely affect
safety.
(5) The corrective action in the case of unsatisfactory training progress.
(6) The approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the
required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures in the aircraft.
(7) Except for holders of a flight instructor certificate--
(i) The fundamental principles of the teaching-learning process;
(ii) Teaching methods and procedures; and
(iii) The instructor-student relationship.
(d) The transition ground training for flight instructors must include the
approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the required
normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures applicable to the type, class, or
category aircraft to which the flight instructor is in transition.
(e) The initial and transition flight training for flight instructors
(aircraft) must include the following--
(1) The safety measures for emergency situations that are likely to develop
during instruction;
(2) The potential results of improper or untimely safety measures during
instruction;
(3) Training and practice from the left and right pilot seats in the
required normal, abnormal, and emergency maneuvers to ensure competence to
conduct the flight instruction required by this part; and
(4) The safety measures to be taken from either the left or right pilot
seat for emergency situations that are likely to develop during instruction.
(f) The requirements of paragraph (e) of this section may be accomplished
in full or in part in flight, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training
device, as appropriate.
(g) The initial and transition flight training for a flight instructor
(simulator) must include the following:
(1) Training and practice in the required normal, abnormal, and emergency
procedures to ensure competence to conduct the flight instruction required by
this part. These maneuvers and procedures must be accomplished in full or in
part in a flight simulator or in a flight training device.
(2) Training in the operation of flight simulators, flight training
devices, or both, to ensure competence to conduct the flight instruction
required by this part.
(a) Each certificate holder, other than one who uses only one pilot in the
certificate holder's operations, shall establish and maintain an approved
pilot training program, and each certificate holder who uses a flight
attendant crewmember shall establish and maintain an approved flight
attendant training program, that is appropriate to the operations to which
each pilot and flight attendant is to be assigned, and will ensure that they
are adequately trained to meet the applicable knowledge and practical testing
requirements of Secs. 135.293 through 135.301. However, the Administrator may
authorize a deviation from this section if the Administrator finds that,
because of the limited size and scope of the operation, safety will allow a
deviation from these requirements.
(b) Each certificate holder required to have a training program by
paragraph (a) of this section shall include in that program ground and flight
training curriculums for--
(1) Initial training;
(2) Transition training;
(3) Upgrade training;
(4) Differences training; and
(5) Recurrent training.
(c) Each certificate holder required to have a training program by
paragraph (a) of this section shall provide current and appropriate study
materials for use by each required pilot and flight attendant.
(d) The certificate holder shall furnish copies of the pilot and flight
attendant crewmember training program, and all changes and additions, to the
assigned representative of the Administrator. If the certificate holder uses
training facilities of other persons, a copy of those training programs or
appropriate portions used for those facilities shall also be furnished.
Curricula that follow FAA published curricula may be cited by reference in
the copy of the training program furnished to the representative of the
Administrator and need not be furnished with the program.
Initial, transition, and upgrade ground training for pilots must include
instruction in at least the following, as applicable to their duties:
(a) General subjects--
(1) The certificate holder's flight locating procedures;
(2) Principles and methods for determining weight and balance, and runway
limitations for takeoff and landing;
(3) Enough meteorology to ensure a practical knowledge of weather
phenomena, including the principles of frontal systems, icing, fog,
thunderstorms, windshear and, if appropriate, high altitude weather
situations;
(4) Air traffic control systems, procedures, and phraseology;
(5) Navigation and the use of navigational aids, including instrument
approach procedures;
(6) Normal and emergency communication procedures;
(7) Visual cues before and during descent below DH or MDA; and
(8) Other instructions necessary to ensure the pilot's competence.
(b) For each aircraft type--
(1) A general description;
(2) Performance characteristics;
(3) Engines and propellers;
(4) Major components;
(5) Major aircraft systems (i.e., flight controls, electrical, and
hydraulic), other systems, as appropriate, principles of normal, abnormal,
and emergency operations, appropriate procedures and limitations;
(6) Knowledge and procedures for--
(i) Recognizing and avoiding severe weather situations;
(ii) Escaping from severe weather situations, in case of inadvertent
encounters, including low-altitude windshear (except that rotorcraft pilots
are not required to be trained in escaping from low-altitude windshear);
(iii) Operating in or near thunderstorms (including best penetrating
altitudes), turbulent air (including clear air turbulence), icing, hail, and
other potentially hazardous meteorological conditions; and
(iv) Operating airplanes during ground icing conditions, (i.e., any time
conditions are such that frost, ice, or snow may reasonably be expected to
adhere to the airplane), if the certificate holder expects to authorize
takeoffs in ground icing conditions, including:
(A) The use of holdover times when using deicing/anti-icing fluids;
(B) Airplane deicing/anti-icing procedures, including inspection and check
procedures and responsibilities;
(C) Communications;
(D) Airplane surface contamination (i.e., adherence of frost, ice, or snow)
and critical area identification, and knowledge of how contamination
adversely affects airplane performance and flight characteristics;
(E) Types and characteristics of deicing/anti-icing fluids, if used by the
certificate holder;
(F) Cold weather preflight inspection procedures;
(G) Techniques for recognizing contamination on the airplane;
(7) Operating limitations;
(8) Fuel consumption and cruise control;
(9) Flight planning;
(10) Each normal and emergency procedure; and
(11) The approved Aircraft Flight Manual, or equivalent.
(a) Initial, transition, upgrade, and differences training for pilots must
include flight and practice in each of the maneuvers and procedures in the
approved training program curriculum.
(b) The maneuvers and procedures required by paragraph (a) of this section
must be performed in flight, except to the extent that certain maneuvers and
procedures may be performed in an aircraft simulator, or an appropriate
training device, as allowed by this subpart.
(c) If the certificate holder's approved training program includes a course
of training using an aircraft simulator or other training device, each pilot
must successfully complete--
(1) Training and practice in the simulator or training device in at least
the maneuvers and procedures in this subpart that are capable of being
performed in the aircraft simulator or training device; and
(2) A flight check in the aircraft or a check in the simulator or training
device to the level of proficiency of a pilot in command or second in
command, as applicable, in at least the maneuvers and procedures that are
capable of being performed in an aircraft simulator or training device.
(a) Each certificate holder must ensure that each crewmember receives
recurrent training and is adequately trained and currently proficient for the
type aircraft and crewmember position involved.
(b) Recurrent ground training for crewmembers must include at least the
following:
(1) A quiz or other review to determine the crewmember's knowledge of the
aircraft and crewmember position involved.
(2) Instruction as necessary in the subjects required for initial ground
training by this subpart, as appropriate, including low-altitude windshear
training and training on operating during ground icing conditions, as
prescribed in 135.341 and described in 135.345, and emergency
training.
(c) Recurrent flight training for pilots must include, at least, flight
training in the maneuvers or procedures in this subpart, except that
satisfactory completion of the check required by 135.293 within the
preceding 12 calendar months may be substituted for recurrent flight
training.
(a) Each certificate holder or operator shall provide each employee
performing a function listed in Appendix I to Part 121 of this chapter and
his or her supervisor with the training specified in that appendix.
(b) No certificate holder or operator may use any contractor to perform a
function specified in Appendix I to Part 121 of this chapter unless that
contractor provides each of its employees performing that function for the
certificate holder or the operator and his or her supervisor with the
training specified in that appendix.
Part
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