- Excerpts
from 14 CFR Part 135
On-Demand Operations
-
14CFR 135 index
(a) No certificate holder may use a pilot, nor may any person serve as a
pilot, unless, since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before that
service, that pilot has passed a written or oral test, given by the
Administrator or an authorized check pilot, on that pilot's knowledge in the
following areas--
(1) The appropriate provisions of Parts 61, 91, and 135 of this chapter and
the operations specifications and the manual of the certificate holder;
(2) For each type of aircraft to be flown by the pilot, the aircraft
powerplant, major components and systems, major appliances, performance and
operating limitations, standard and emergency operating procedures, and the
contents of the approved Aircraft Flight Manual or equivalent, as applicable;
(3) For each type of aircraft to be flown by the pilot, the method of
determining compliance with weight and balance limitations for takeoff,
landing and en route operations;
(4) Navigation and use of air navigation aids appropriate to the operation
or pilot authorization, including, when applicable, instrument approach
facilities and procedures;
(5) Air traffic control procedures, including IFR procedures when
applicable;
(6) Meteorology in general, including the principles of frontal systems,
icing, fog, thunderstorms, and windshear, and, if appropriate for the
operation of the certificate holder, high altitude weather;
(7) Procedures for--
(i) Recognizing and avoiding severe weather situations;
(ii) Escaping from severe weather situations, in case of inadvertent
encounters, including low-altitude windshear (except that rotorcraft pilots
are not required to be tested on escaping from low-altitude windshear); and
(iii) Operating in or near thunderstorms (including best penetrating
altitudes), turbulent air (including clear air turbulence), icing, hail, and
other potentially hazardous meteorological conditions; and
(8) New equipment, procedures, or techniques, as appropriate.
(b) No certificate holder may use a pilot, nor may any person serve as a
pilot, in any aircraft unless, since the beginning of the 12th calendar month
before that service, that pilot has passed a competency check given by the
Administrator or an authorized check pilot in that class of aircraft, if
single-engine airplane other than turbojet, or that type of aircraft, if
helicopter, multiengine airplane, or turbojet airplane, to determine the
pilot's competence in practical skills and techniques in that aircraft or
class of aircraft. The extent of the competency check shall be determined by
the Administrator or authorized check pilot conducting the competency check.
The competency check may include any of the maneuvers and procedures
currently required for the original issuance of the particular pilot
certificate required for the operations authorized and appropriate to the
category, class and type of aircraft involved. For the purposes of this
paragraph, type, as to an airplane, means any one of a group of airplanes
determined by the Administrator to have a similar means of propulsion, the
same manufacturer, and no significantly different handling or flight
characteristics. For the purposes of this paragraph, type, as to a
helicopter, means a basic make and model.
(c) The instrument proficiency check required by 135.297 may be
substituted for the competency check required by this section for the type of
aircraft used in the check.
(d) For the purpose of this part, competent performance of a procedure or
maneuver by a person to be used as a pilot requires that the pilot be the
obvious master of the aircraft, with the successful outcome of the maneuver
never in doubt.
(e) The Administrator or authorized check pilot certifies the competency of
each pilot who passes the knowledge or flight check in the certificate
holder's pilot records.
(f) Portions of a required competency check may be given in an aircraft
simulator or other appropriate training device, if approved by the
Administrator.
(a) No certificate holder may use a pilot, nor may any person serve, as a
pilot in command of an aircraft under IFR unless, since the beginning of the
6th calendar month before that service, that pilot has passed an instrument
proficiency check under this section administered by the Administrator or an
authorized check pilot.
(b) No pilot may use any type of precision instrument approach procedure
under IFR unless, since the beginning of the 6th calendar month before that
use, the pilot satisfactorily demonstrated that type of approach procedure.
No pilot may use any type of nonprecision approach procedure under IFR
unless, since the beginning of the 6th calendar month before that use, the
pilot has satisfactorily demonstrated either that type of approach procedure
or any other two different types of nonprecision approach procedures. The
instrument approach procedure or procedures must include at least one
straight-in approach, one circling approach, and one missed approach. Each
type of approach procedure demonstrated must be conducted to published
minimums for that procedure.
(c) The instrument proficiency check required by paragraph (a) of this
section consists of an oral or written equipment test and a flight check
under simulated or actual IFR conditions. The equipment test includes
questions on emergency procedures, engine operation, fuel and lubrication
systems, power settings, stall speeds, best engine-out speed, propeller and
supercharger operations, and hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical systems,
as appropriate. The flight check includes navigation by instruments, recovery
from simulated emergencies, and standard instrument approaches involving
navigational facilities which that pilot is to be authorized to use. Each
pilot taking the instrument proficiency check must show that standard of
competence required by 135.293(d).
(1) The instrument proficiency check must--
(i) For a pilot in command of an airplane under 135.243(a), include
the procedures and maneuvers for an airline transport pilot certificate in
the particular type of airplane, if appropriate; and
(ii) For a pilot in command of an airplane or helicopter under Sec.
135.243(c), include the procedures and maneuvers for a commercial pilot
certificate with an instrument rating and, if required, for the appropriate
type rating.
(2) The instrument proficiency check must be given by an authorized check
airman or by the Administrator.
(d) If the pilot in command is assigned to pilot only one type of aircraft,
that pilot must take the instrument proficiency check required by paragraph
(a) of this section in that type of aircraft.
(e) If the pilot in command is assigned to pilot more than one type of
aircraft, that pilot must take the instrument proficiency check required by
paragraph (a) of this section in each type of aircraft to which that pilot is
assigned, in rotation, but not more than one flight check during each period
described in paragraph (a) of this section.
(f) If the pilot in command is assigned to pilot both single-engine and
multiengine aircraft, that pilot must initially take the instrument
proficiency check required by paragraph (a) of this section in a multiengine
aircraft, and each succeeding check alternately in single-engine and
multiengine aircraft, but not more than one flight check during each period
described in paragraph (a) of this section. Portions of a required flight
check may be given in an aircraft simulator or other appropriate training
device, if approved by the Administrator.
(g) If the pilot in command is authorized to use an autopilot system in
place of a second in command, that pilot must show, during the required
instrument proficiency check, that the pilot is able (without a second in
command) both with and without using the autopilot to--
(1) Conduct instrument operations competently; and
(2) Properly conduct air-ground communications and comply with complex air
traffic control instructions.
(3) Each pilot taking the autopilot check must show that, while using the
autopilot, the airplane can be operated as proficiently as it would be if a
second in command were present to handle air-ground communications and air
traffic control instructions. The autopilot check need only be demonstrated
once every 12 calendar months during the instrument proficiency check
required under paragraph (a) of this section.
(a) No certificate holder may use a pilot, nor may any person serve, as a
pilot in command of a flight unless, since the beginning of the 12th calendar
month before that service, that pilot has passed a flight check in one of the
types of aircraft which that pilot is to fly. The flight check shall--
(1) Be given by an approved check pilot or by the Administrator;
(2) Consist of at least one flight over one route segment; and
(3) Include takeoffs and landings at one or more representative airports.
In addition to the requirements of this paragraph, for a pilot authorized to
conduct IFR operations, at least one flight shall be flown over a civil
airway, an approved off-airway route, or a portion of either of them.
(b) The pilot who conducts the check shall determine whether the pilot
being checked satisfactorily performs the duties and responsibilities of a
pilot in command in operations under this part, and shall so certify in the
pilot training record.
(c) Each certificate holder shall establish in the manual required by Sec.
135.21 a procedure which will ensure that each pilot who has not flown over a
route and into an airport within the preceding 90 days will, before beginning
the flight, become familiar with all available information required for the
safe operation of that flight.
(a) If a crewmember who is required to take a test or a flight check under
this part, completes the test or flight check in the calendar month before or
after the calendar month in which it is required, that crewmember is
considered to have completed the test or check in the calendar month in which
it is required.
(b) If a pilot being checked under this subpart fails any of the required
maneuvers, the person giving the check may give additional training to the
pilot during the course of the check. In addition to repeating the maneuvers
failed, the person giving the check may require the pilot being checked to
repeat any other maneuvers that are necessary to determine the pilot's
proficiency. If the pilot being checked is unable to demonstrate satisfactory
performance to the person conducting the check, the certificate holder may
not use the pilot, nor may the pilot serve, as a flight crewmember in
operations under this part until the pilot has satisfactorily completed the
check.
Part
135 Aircraft Charter | 14CFR
135 index