- Excerpts
from 14 CFR Part 135
On-Demand Operations
-
14CFR 135 index
(a) Unpressurized aircraft. No person may operate an unpressurized aircraft
at altitudes prescribed in this section unless it is equipped with enough
oxygen dispensers and oxygen to supply the pilots under 135.89(a) and to
supply, when flying--
(1) At altitudes above 10,000 feet through 15,000 feet MSL, oxygen to at
least 10 percent of the occupants of the aircraft, other than the pilots, for
that part of the flight at those altitudes that is of more than 30 minutes
duration; and
(2) Above 15,000 feet MSL, oxygen to each occupant of the aircraft other
than the pilots.
(b) Pressurized aircraft. No person may operate a pressurized aircraft--
(1) At altitudes above 25,000 feet MSL, unless at least a 10-minute supply
of supplemental oxygen is available for each occupant of the aircraft, other
than the pilots, for use when a descent is necessary due to loss of cabin
pressurization; and
(2) Unless it is equipped with enough oxygen dispensers and oxygen to
comply with paragraph (a) of this section whenever the cabin pressure
altitude exceeds 10,000 feet MSL and, if the cabin pressurization fails, to
comply with 135.89 (a) or to provide a 2-hour supply for each pilot,
whichever is greater, and to supply when flying--
(i) At altitudes above 10,000 feet through 15,000 feet MSL, oxygen to at
least 10 percent of the occupants of the aircraft, other than the pilots, for
that part of the flight at those altitudes that is of more than 30 minutes
duration; and
(ii) Above 15,000 feet MSL, oxygen to each occupant of the aircraft, other
than the pilots, for one hour unless, at all times during flight above that
altitude, the aircraft can safely descend to 15,000 feet MSL within four
minutes, in which case only a 30-minute supply is required.
(c) The equipment required by this section must have a means--
(1) To enable the pilots to readily determine, in flight, the amount of
oxygen available in each source of supply and whether the oxygen is being
delivered to the dispensing units; or
(2) In the case of individual dispensing units, to enable each user to make
those determinations with respect to that person's oxygen supply and
delivery; and
(3) To allow the pilots to use undiluted oxygen at their discretion at
altitudes above 25,000 feet MSL.
No person may operate an aircraft carrying passengers under VFR at night or
under VFR over-the-top, unless it is equipped with--
(a) A gyroscopic rate-of-turn indicator except on the following aircraft:
(1) Airplanes with a third attitude instrument system usable through flight
attitudes of 360 degrees of pitch-and-roll and installed in accordance with
the instrument requirements prescribed in 121.305(j) of this chapter.
(2) Helicopters with a third attitude instrument system usable through
flight attitudes of +/-80 degrees of pitch and +/-120 degrees of roll and
installed in accordance with 29.1303(g) of this chapter.
(3) Helicopters with a maximum certificated takeoff weight of 6,000 pounds
or less.
(b) A slip skid indicator.
(c) A gyroscopic bank-and-pitch indicator.
(d) A gyroscopic direction indicator.
(e) A generator or generators able to supply all probable combinations of
continuous in-flight electrical loads for required equipment and for
recharging the battery.
(f) For night flights--
(1) An anticollision light system;
(2) Instrument lights to make all instruments, switches, and gauges easily
readable, the direct rays of which are shielded from the pilots' eyes; and
(3) A flashlight having at least two size "D" cells or equivalent.
(g) For the purpose of paragraph (e) of this section, a continuous in-
flight electrical load includes one that draws current continuously during
flight, such as radio equipment and electrically driven instruments and
lights, but does not include occasional intermittent loads.
(h) Notwithstanding provisions of paragraphs (b), (c), and (d), helicopters
having a maximum certificated takeoff weight of 6,000 pounds or less may be
operated until January 6, 1988, under visual flight rules at night without a
slip skid indicator, a gyroscopic bank-and-pitch indicator, or a gyroscopic
direction indicator.
No person may operate an aircraft under IFR, carrying passengers, unless it
has--
(a) A vertical speed indicator;
(b) A free-air temperature indicator;
(c) A heated pitot tube for each airspeed indicator;
(d) A power failure warning device or vacuum indicator to show the power
available for gyroscopic instruments from each power source;
(e) An alternate source of static pressure for the altimeter and the
airspeed and vertical speed indicators;
(f) For a single-engine aircraft:
(1) Two independent electrical power generating sources each of which is
able to supply all probable combinations of continuous inflight electrical
loads for required instruments and equipment; or
(2) In addition to the primary electrical power generating source, a
standby battery or an alternate source of electric power that is capable of
supplying 150% of the electrical loads of all required instruments and
equipment necessary for safe emergency operation of the aircraft for at least
one hour;
(g) For multi-engine aircraft, at least two generators or alternators each
of which is on a separate engine, of which any combination of one-half of the
total number are rated sufficiently to supply the electrical loads of all
required instruments and equipment necessary for safe emergency operation of
the aircraft except that for multi-engine helicopters, the two required
generators may be mounted on the main rotor drive train; and
(h) Two independent sources of energy (with means of selecting either), of
which at least one is an engine-driven pump or generator, each of which is
able to drive all gyroscopic instruments and installed so that failure of one
instrument or source does not interfere with the energy supply to the
remaining instruments or the other energy source unless, for single-engine
aircraft in all-cargo operations only, the rate-of-turn indicator has a
source of energy separate from the bank and pitch and direction indicators.
For the purpose of this paragraph, for multi-engine aircraft, each engine-
driven source of energy must be on a different engine.
(i) For the purpose of paragraph (f) of this section, a continuous inflight
electrical load includes one that draws current continuously during flight,
such as radio equipment, electrically driven instruments, and lights, but
does not include occasional intermittent loads.
(a) No person may operate a turbojet airplane having a passenger seating
configuration, excluding any pilot seat, of 10 seats or more, or a
multiengine airplane in a commuter operation, as defined in Part 119 of this
chapter under IFR or in extended overwater operations unless it has at least
the following radio communication and navigational equipment appropriate to
the facilities to be used which are capable of transmitting to, and receiving
from, at any place on the route to be flown, at least one ground facility:
(1) Two transmitters, (2) two microphones, (3) two headsets or one headset
and one speaker, (4) a marker beacon receiver, (5) two independent receivers
for navigation, and (6) two independent receivers for communications.
(b) No person may operate an aircraft other than that specified in
paragraph (a) of this section, under IFR or in extended overwater operations
unless it has at least the following radio communication and navigational
equipment appropriate to the facilities to be used and which are capable of
transmitting to, and receiving from, at any place on the route, at least one
ground facility:
(1) A transmitter, (2) two microphones, (3) two headsets or one headset and
one speaker, (4) a marker beacon receiver, (5) two independent receivers for
navigation, (6) two independent receivers for communications, and (7) for
extended overwater operations only, an additional transmitter.
(c) For the purpose of paragraphs (a)(5), (a)(6), (b)(5), and (b)(6) of
this section, a receiver is independent if the function of any part of it
does not depend on the functioning of any part of another receiver. However,
a receiver that can receive both communications and navigational signals may
be used in place of a separate communications receiver and a separate
navigational signal receiver.
(d) Notwithstanding the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
section, installation and use of a single long-range navigation system and a
single long-range communication system, for extended overwater operations,
may be authorized by the Administrator and approved in the certificate
holder's operations specifications. The following are among the operational
factors the Administrator may consider in granting an authorization:
(1) The ability of the flightcrew to reliably fix the position of the
airplane within the degree of accuracy required by ATC,
(2) The length of the route being flown, and
(3) The duration of the very high frequency communications gap.
(a) No person may take off an aircraft with inoperable instruments or
equipment installed unless the following conditions are met:
(1) An approved Minimum Equipment List exists for that aircraft.
(2) The certificate-holding district office has issued the certificate
holder operations specifications authorizing operations in accordance with an
approved Minimum Equipment List. The flight crew shall have direct access at
all times prior to flight to all of the information contained in the approved
Minimum Equipment List through printed or other means approved by the
Administrator in the certificate holders operations specifications. An
approved Minimum Equipment List, as authorized by the operations
specifications, constitutes an approved change to the type design without
requiring recertification.
(3) The approved Minimum Equipment List must:
(i) Be prepared in accordance with the limitations specified in paragraph
(b) of this section.
(ii) Provide for the operation of the aircraft with certain instruments and
equipment in an inoperable condition.
(4) Records identifying the inoperable instruments and equipment and the
information required by (a)(3)(ii) of this section must be available to the
pilot.
(5) The aircraft is operated under all applicable conditions and
limitations contained in the Minimum Equipment List and the operations
specifications authorizing use of the Minimum Equipment List.
(b) The following instruments and equipment may not be included in the
Minimum Equipment List:
(1) Instruments and equipment that are either specifically or otherwise
required by the airworthiness requirements under which the airplane is type
certificated and which are essential for safe operations under all operating
conditions.
(2) Instruments and equipment required by an airworthiness directive to be
in operable condition unless the airworthiness directive provides otherwise.
(3) Instruments and equipment required for specific operations by this
part.
(c) Notwithstanding paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(3) of this section, an
aircraft with inoperable instruments or equipment may be operated under a
special flight permit under Secs. 21.197 and 21.199 of this chapter.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, no person
may--
(1) Operate a single-engine aircraft carrying passengers over-the-top; or
(2) Operate a multiengine aircraft carrying passengers over-the-top or in
IFR conditions at a weight that will not allow it to climb, with the critical
engine inoperative, at least 50 feet a minute when operating at the MEAs of
the route to be flown or 5,000 feet MSL, whichever is higher.
(b) Notwithstanding the restrictions in paragraph (a)(2) of this section,
multiengine helicopters carrying passengers offshore may conduct such
operations in over-the-top or in IFR conditions at a weight that will allow
the helicopter to climb at least 50 feet per minute with the critical engine
inoperative when operating at the MEA of the route to be flown or 1,500 feet
MSL, whichever is higher.
(c) Without regard to paragraph (a) of this section, if the latest weather
reports or forecasts, or any combination of them, indicate that the weather
along the planned route (including takeoff and landing) allows flight under
VFR under the ceiling (if a ceiling exists) and that the weather is forecast
to remain so until at least 1 hour after the estimated time of arrival at the
destination, a person may operate an aircraft over-the-top.
(d) Without regard to paragraph (a) of this section, a person may operate
an aircraft over-the-top under conditions allowing--
(1) For multiengine aircraft, descent or continuance of the flight under
VFR if its critical engine fails; or
(2) For single-engine aircraft, descent under VFR if its engine fails.
No person may operate a land aircraft carrying passengers over water
unless--
(a) It is operated at an altitude that allows it to reach land in the case
of engine failure;
(b) It is necessary for takeoff or landing;
(c) It is a multiengine aircraft operated at a weight that will allow it to
climb, with the critical engine inoperative, at least 50 feet a minute, at an
altitude of 1,000 feet above the surface; or
(d) It is a helicopter equipped with helicopter flotation devices.
(a) No person may operate a multiengine aircraft unless the current empty
weight and center of gravity are calculated from values established by actual
weighing of the aircraft within the preceding 36 calendar months.
(b) Paragraph (a) of this section does not apply to--
(1) Aircraft issued an original airworthiness certificate within the
preceding 36 calendar months; and
(2) Aircraft operated under a weight and balance system approved in the
operations specifications of the certificate holder.
Part
135 Aircraft
Charter | 14CFR 135 index